Complete Higher Tier Q Booklet File
... Describe one natural cause of climate change (2) (c) Explain the possible economic impacts of climate change on a named country (6) Describe how colder periods, such as the Little Ice Age, affected farming (2) Describe how one human activity can contribute to climate change (2) For a named developin ...
... Describe one natural cause of climate change (2) (c) Explain the possible economic impacts of climate change on a named country (6) Describe how colder periods, such as the Little Ice Age, affected farming (2) Describe how one human activity can contribute to climate change (2) For a named developin ...
Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report The Core Writing Team Rajendra K. Pachauri
... The SYR confirms that human influence on the climate system is clear and growing, with impacts observed across all continents and oceans. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The IPCC is now 95 percent certain that humans are the main cause of cur ...
... The SYR confirms that human influence on the climate system is clear and growing, with impacts observed across all continents and oceans. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The IPCC is now 95 percent certain that humans are the main cause of cur ...
Atlantic National Seashores in Peril
... of human emissions of heat-trapping gases. Projections in Cape Hatteras NS need not get as hot as those of were made for two different possible futures: one scenario Galveston. As indicated, these projections are based on a with a lower level of future emissions of heat-trapping medium-high level of ...
... of human emissions of heat-trapping gases. Projections in Cape Hatteras NS need not get as hot as those of were made for two different possible futures: one scenario Galveston. As indicated, these projections are based on a with a lower level of future emissions of heat-trapping medium-high level of ...
File - America`s Salmon Forest
... has been shown to be related to discharge (Smoker 1955). Timing of high flows is critical both to spawning migration and to emigration of smolt in the spring and spring discharge regimes are often highly dependent on snow accumulations during the winter (Mote et al. 2003; Lawson et al. 2004; Stewart ...
... has been shown to be related to discharge (Smoker 1955). Timing of high flows is critical both to spawning migration and to emigration of smolt in the spring and spring discharge regimes are often highly dependent on snow accumulations during the winter (Mote et al. 2003; Lawson et al. 2004; Stewart ...
The Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) contribution
... modeling studies tending to agree that deforestation has led and will lead to cooling in high latitudes and warming in the tropics, with more uncertain changes in the mid-latitudes (e.g., Bonan, 2008; Davin and de Noblet-Ducoudré, 2010; Lee et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Pielke et al., 2011; Swann e ...
... modeling studies tending to agree that deforestation has led and will lead to cooling in high latitudes and warming in the tropics, with more uncertain changes in the mid-latitudes (e.g., Bonan, 2008; Davin and de Noblet-Ducoudré, 2010; Lee et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Pielke et al., 2011; Swann e ...
projected to rise another 3.5 to 9 F by as early as 2070
... intensity. Scientists have detected significant warming and sea-level-rise trends during the 20th century in the Chesapeake Bay. Scenarios for CO2 emissions suggest that the region is likely to experience significant changes in climatic conditions throughout the 21st century. Such shifts include: CO ...
... intensity. Scientists have detected significant warming and sea-level-rise trends during the 20th century in the Chesapeake Bay. Scenarios for CO2 emissions suggest that the region is likely to experience significant changes in climatic conditions throughout the 21st century. Such shifts include: CO ...
the User Guide
... Figure 1.1 indicates the relationship between the CCSP partners and their roles in delivering the project outputs. Table 1.1 presents the CCSP versioning. ...
... Figure 1.1 indicates the relationship between the CCSP partners and their roles in delivering the project outputs. Table 1.1 presents the CCSP versioning. ...
PERSPECTIVE: Potential responses to climate change in organisms
... responses of interacting species might not be parallel (Harrington et al. 1999; Visser and Both 2005). We explore how these various mechanisms might interact to shape the selective environment in the case of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Salmon species have plastic life histories, but adaptati ...
... responses of interacting species might not be parallel (Harrington et al. 1999; Visser and Both 2005). We explore how these various mechanisms might interact to shape the selective environment in the case of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Salmon species have plastic life histories, but adaptati ...
Climate Change and the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary
... within OCNMS through other species. For example, given their role as mid- to uppertrophic level predators, the susceptibility of seabirds to climate-mediated changes may depend in large part on the impacts that their prey species experience (Section 4.9). In some instances, the documented consequenc ...
... within OCNMS through other species. For example, given their role as mid- to uppertrophic level predators, the susceptibility of seabirds to climate-mediated changes may depend in large part on the impacts that their prey species experience (Section 4.9). In some instances, the documented consequenc ...
costs and benefits of climate change adaptation and mitigation
... Estimations of the welfare benefits of mitigation strongly depend on the climate model used. Mitigation is more important under a relatively hot and dry scenario, especially for the Nordic countries and southern Europe, for which the benefits of mitigation are projected to be over 1% of GDP by the e ...
... Estimations of the welfare benefits of mitigation strongly depend on the climate model used. Mitigation is more important under a relatively hot and dry scenario, especially for the Nordic countries and southern Europe, for which the benefits of mitigation are projected to be over 1% of GDP by the e ...
Assessment of Health and Climate Preparedness (PDF)
... Assessment of Health and Climate Preparedness : Final Report Health impacts of climate changes include direct and immediate impacts of extreme weather events as well as other longer-term impacts related to changes in the environment and ecosystems (e.g., vector-borne and waterborne diseases). Extrem ...
... Assessment of Health and Climate Preparedness : Final Report Health impacts of climate changes include direct and immediate impacts of extreme weather events as well as other longer-term impacts related to changes in the environment and ecosystems (e.g., vector-borne and waterborne diseases). Extrem ...
Adélie penguins coping with environmental change
... representing 9% of the world population and the full range of breeding colony sizes. Five years into the 14-year study (1997–2010) two very large icebergs (spanning 1.5 latitude degrees in length) grounded in waters adjacent to breeding colonies, dramatically altering environmental conditions during ...
... representing 9% of the world population and the full range of breeding colony sizes. Five years into the 14-year study (1997–2010) two very large icebergs (spanning 1.5 latitude degrees in length) grounded in waters adjacent to breeding colonies, dramatically altering environmental conditions during ...
Scenarios of Storminess and Regional Wind Extremes under
... In New Zealand, winds in mountainous areas, including down slopes and along valley floors, are frequently strong when vigorous mid-latitude weather systems move over the country (Sturman and Tapper, 1996). Downslope windstorms in particular are significant because the winds are potentially very dama ...
... In New Zealand, winds in mountainous areas, including down slopes and along valley floors, are frequently strong when vigorous mid-latitude weather systems move over the country (Sturman and Tapper, 1996). Downslope windstorms in particular are significant because the winds are potentially very dama ...
Working Paper No.7 - Climate Learning and Knowledge
... The Uganda country study is part of a series of case studies carried out under a project entitled Climate Learning for African Agriculture, funded by the Climate and Knowledge Development Network. ...
... The Uganda country study is part of a series of case studies carried out under a project entitled Climate Learning for African Agriculture, funded by the Climate and Knowledge Development Network. ...
The Macroeconomics of Climate Change Final Report, May 2013
... The macroeconomics of climate change is a nascent topic of study; policy questions are not yet clear and models currently find it hard to meet broad criteria of fitness The aim of this report is to provide a review of the current techniques that exist to model the macroeconomic impact of climate cha ...
... The macroeconomics of climate change is a nascent topic of study; policy questions are not yet clear and models currently find it hard to meet broad criteria of fitness The aim of this report is to provide a review of the current techniques that exist to model the macroeconomic impact of climate cha ...
Chapter 30: The Ocean
... and low agreement on the direction and magnitude of these changes and their relationship to ocean warming and acidification (low confidence). In cases where NPP increases or is not consumed (e.g., Benguela EBUE, low confidence), the increased transfer of organic carbon to deep regions can stimulate ...
... and low agreement on the direction and magnitude of these changes and their relationship to ocean warming and acidification (low confidence). In cases where NPP increases or is not consumed (e.g., Benguela EBUE, low confidence), the increased transfer of organic carbon to deep regions can stimulate ...
CLIMATE CHANGE HELPLESSNESS 1 Running head: CLIMATE
... von Borgstede, & Biel, 2004). But moralization of an issue will only occur to the extent that people believe their behavior can actually harm or help others (Gray et al., 2012; Young & Saxe, 2011), i.e., that their actions are effective and make a real difference. Without such belief, people can mor ...
... von Borgstede, & Biel, 2004). But moralization of an issue will only occur to the extent that people believe their behavior can actually harm or help others (Gray et al., 2012; Young & Saxe, 2011), i.e., that their actions are effective and make a real difference. Without such belief, people can mor ...
Climate Change Helplessness and Efficacy
... von Borgstede, & Biel, 2004). But moralization of an issue will only occur to the extent that people believe their behavior can actually harm or help others (Gray et al., 2012; Young & Saxe, 2011), i.e., that their actions are effective and make a real difference. Without such belief, people can mor ...
... von Borgstede, & Biel, 2004). But moralization of an issue will only occur to the extent that people believe their behavior can actually harm or help others (Gray et al., 2012; Young & Saxe, 2011), i.e., that their actions are effective and make a real difference. Without such belief, people can mor ...
Long-term effects of warming and ocean acidification are modified
... of ecological communities can radically alter ( perceived or realized) species vulnerabilities and ecosystem responses to climatic forcing and, when considered collectively, have the potential to lead to scenarios that differ from those suggested by current projections [35]. Form & Riebesell [29], f ...
... of ecological communities can radically alter ( perceived or realized) species vulnerabilities and ecosystem responses to climatic forcing and, when considered collectively, have the potential to lead to scenarios that differ from those suggested by current projections [35]. Form & Riebesell [29], f ...
Extreme climatic events in relation to global change and their impact
... assume that the scientists most familiar with the study system in question are the best at making such a judgment. There may be a heavy bias to report negative rather than positive effects of extreme weather, which may be partly due to a social demand for predicting the consequences of future climat ...
... assume that the scientists most familiar with the study system in question are the best at making such a judgment. There may be a heavy bias to report negative rather than positive effects of extreme weather, which may be partly due to a social demand for predicting the consequences of future climat ...
Dis full and final - University of Otago
... discussion. At this conference, the Paris Agreement1 was drafted; an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change2 (UNFCCC), aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to reduce global warming.3 While France’s foreign minister Laurant Fabius stated that this agreement ...
... discussion. At this conference, the Paris Agreement1 was drafted; an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change2 (UNFCCC), aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to reduce global warming.3 While France’s foreign minister Laurant Fabius stated that this agreement ...
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION: Engaging
... Based on the business dialogues, expert interviews, and extensive literature review that informed this report, 12 key messages have been formulated that describe the role of business in climate change adaptation. They summarise key findings, and cover barriers, drivers, opportunities and gaps on har ...
... Based on the business dialogues, expert interviews, and extensive literature review that informed this report, 12 key messages have been formulated that describe the role of business in climate change adaptation. They summarise key findings, and cover barriers, drivers, opportunities and gaps on har ...
Civil Society Guide to Healthy Rivers and Climate
... models, or GCMs, representing physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean and land surface are the most advanced tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Scientists attempt to understand regional impacts by downsc ...
... models, or GCMs, representing physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean and land surface are the most advanced tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Scientists attempt to understand regional impacts by downsc ...
Understanding future risks to ports in Australia
... particular recognition that the expert input and knowledge of the port authorities, and other stakeholders, would form an important contribution to the assessment process. Adopting a participatory approach was considered important in three main ways: firstly, to ensure that the project was cognisant ...
... particular recognition that the expert input and knowledge of the port authorities, and other stakeholders, would form an important contribution to the assessment process. Adopting a participatory approach was considered important in three main ways: firstly, to ensure that the project was cognisant ...
References
... Bonan, G.B. 1991a. Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in boreal forests. Journal of Geophysical Research 96D:7301-7312. Bonan, G.B. 1991b. A biophysical surface energy budget analysis of soil temperature in the boreal forests of interior Alaska. Water Resources Research 27:767-781. Bona ...
... Bonan, G.B. 1991a. Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in boreal forests. Journal of Geophysical Research 96D:7301-7312. Bonan, G.B. 1991b. A biophysical surface energy budget analysis of soil temperature in the boreal forests of interior Alaska. Water Resources Research 27:767-781. Bona ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.