Future Climate Projections around Turkey by Global Climate Models
... but this field is distinct in a clear contrast between land and the oceans (not shown). There are large evaporation increases over the Mediterranean and the Black Sea in summer, fall and winter seasons, while in spring evaporation increase over land is larger. Large evaporation decreases are only pr ...
... but this field is distinct in a clear contrast between land and the oceans (not shown). There are large evaporation increases over the Mediterranean and the Black Sea in summer, fall and winter seasons, while in spring evaporation increase over land is larger. Large evaporation decreases are only pr ...
Partners for Resilience
... level will be carried out in close collaboration with communities and encompass disaster preparedness and early warning, livelihood security, preventing environmental degradation, poverty reduction, and the protection of water resources. 2. Empowering civil society. The PfR aim to increase the capac ...
... level will be carried out in close collaboration with communities and encompass disaster preparedness and early warning, livelihood security, preventing environmental degradation, poverty reduction, and the protection of water resources. 2. Empowering civil society. The PfR aim to increase the capac ...
Interaction between Climate Change and the Cryosphere
... pollution are likely situated within the Arctic. This is particularly alarming since BC emitted at high latitudes will more easily make its way to snow and ice surfaces, resulting in a strong warming response. This was also shown in an ESM study, which investigated the contribution of BC emitted in ...
... pollution are likely situated within the Arctic. This is particularly alarming since BC emitted at high latitudes will more easily make its way to snow and ice surfaces, resulting in a strong warming response. This was also shown in an ESM study, which investigated the contribution of BC emitted in ...
2005 Exxon Foundation 990 vs Exxon Giving Report
... Under increasing scrutiny and pressure over the past two years from scientists, policy makers and the public, the company was forced to reveal that it had stopped funding a handful of organizations identified as part of the company’s denial campaign on global warming. In July 2006, ExxonMobil met wi ...
... Under increasing scrutiny and pressure over the past two years from scientists, policy makers and the public, the company was forced to reveal that it had stopped funding a handful of organizations identified as part of the company’s denial campaign on global warming. In July 2006, ExxonMobil met wi ...
Chapter 2 of Stern Review: approach to discounting
... Climate change results from greenhouse-gas emissions associated with economic activities including energy, industry, transport and land use. In common with many other environmental problems, human-induced climate change is at its most basic level an externality. Those who produce greenhouse-gas emis ...
... Climate change results from greenhouse-gas emissions associated with economic activities including energy, industry, transport and land use. In common with many other environmental problems, human-induced climate change is at its most basic level an externality. Those who produce greenhouse-gas emis ...
Climate Change Impacts on Rural Based Women
... inevitable climate change induced food insecurity. Keywords: Climate Change, Livelihoods, Adaptation, Zimbabwe ...
... inevitable climate change induced food insecurity. Keywords: Climate Change, Livelihoods, Adaptation, Zimbabwe ...
The Holocene
... with climatic and ecological records from northeastern North America (Kurek et al., 2004; Lutz et al., 2007; Shuman et al., 2002). Ellison et al. (2006) suggest the presence of two distinct cooling events centered at 8.5 and 8.1 kyr BP, respectively, in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (Ellison et ...
... with climatic and ecological records from northeastern North America (Kurek et al., 2004; Lutz et al., 2007; Shuman et al., 2002). Ellison et al. (2006) suggest the presence of two distinct cooling events centered at 8.5 and 8.1 kyr BP, respectively, in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (Ellison et ...
Climate change and water resources
... properties of the earth’s atmosphere. These gasses allow solar radiation from the sun to travel through the atmosphere but prevent the reflected heat from escaping back into space. This causes the earth’s temperature to rise. GHG emissions have been rising since industrialisation in the 1900s, due t ...
... properties of the earth’s atmosphere. These gasses allow solar radiation from the sun to travel through the atmosphere but prevent the reflected heat from escaping back into space. This causes the earth’s temperature to rise. GHG emissions have been rising since industrialisation in the 1900s, due t ...
Annex 3: Strengths and weaknesses of climate models
... Office model, have been used to quantify physical relationships between aspects of historical model performance and simulated future changes. That is, to identify the observational tests, in terms of different mean-climate variables and trends, which are most strongly related to the projection of fu ...
... Office model, have been used to quantify physical relationships between aspects of historical model performance and simulated future changes. That is, to identify the observational tests, in terms of different mean-climate variables and trends, which are most strongly related to the projection of fu ...
Hydrology as a driver of biodiversity: Controls on carrying capacity
... vegetation cover. They show that areas with similar seasonal rainfall totals have higher fractional woody cover if the local rainfall climatology consists of frequent, less intense precipitation events. This distinction is crucially important since climate change is projected to lead to more intense ...
... vegetation cover. They show that areas with similar seasonal rainfall totals have higher fractional woody cover if the local rainfall climatology consists of frequent, less intense precipitation events. This distinction is crucially important since climate change is projected to lead to more intense ...
www.ssoar.info How earth science has become a social science
... substantially from model predictions, and the most common cause of that divergence was unanticipated changes in the forcing functions of the system (Oreskes and Belitz 2001). That is to say, the factors that were driving system behavior changed in ways that had not been anticipated, and those change ...
... substantially from model predictions, and the most common cause of that divergence was unanticipated changes in the forcing functions of the system (Oreskes and Belitz 2001). That is to say, the factors that were driving system behavior changed in ways that had not been anticipated, and those change ...
Climate Change and the Environment – Effects of Sea Level Rise on
... What I did observe was that each City we visited was aware of Climate Change and the impact of sea level rise but were focused on other aspects such as the cause of Climate Change – reduction in Carbon emissions and the impacts in relation to available resources as their main priorities. I was able ...
... What I did observe was that each City we visited was aware of Climate Change and the impact of sea level rise but were focused on other aspects such as the cause of Climate Change – reduction in Carbon emissions and the impacts in relation to available resources as their main priorities. I was able ...
Figure 1 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B
... Phenological shifts are among the most ubiquitous responses to recent climate change: 80% of species show advances in the seasonal timing of reproduction or adult emergence [1]. Most studies of animal phenology have exclusively examined adults, obscuring differences in exposure and sensitivity to cl ...
... Phenological shifts are among the most ubiquitous responses to recent climate change: 80% of species show advances in the seasonal timing of reproduction or adult emergence [1]. Most studies of animal phenology have exclusively examined adults, obscuring differences in exposure and sensitivity to cl ...
Act Now or Pay Later
... 20 cities for projected population exposure and 13 of the top 20 for asset exposure. There is also a notable, tenfold increase in the exposure of the big African cities of Lagos and Abidjan. All these cities are also characterised by rising inequalities, with large numbers of very poor inhabitants w ...
... 20 cities for projected population exposure and 13 of the top 20 for asset exposure. There is also a notable, tenfold increase in the exposure of the big African cities of Lagos and Abidjan. All these cities are also characterised by rising inequalities, with large numbers of very poor inhabitants w ...
occasional paper 9 - Ontario Centre for Climate Impacts and
... suitable for analysis of extremes is the single biggest obstacle to quantifying whether extreme events have changed over the twentieth century, either worldwide or on regional scales (Easterling et al. 1999). What is known from trend analyses of the instrumented climate records globally is that ther ...
... suitable for analysis of extremes is the single biggest obstacle to quantifying whether extreme events have changed over the twentieth century, either worldwide or on regional scales (Easterling et al. 1999). What is known from trend analyses of the instrumented climate records globally is that ther ...
1. a) Climate Variability-Bd-Frog Extinctions b) Hydric restriction, Te
... wet) and La Niña (cool and dry) are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean – The atmospheric signature, the Southern Oscillation (SO) reflects the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure ...
... wet) and La Niña (cool and dry) are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean – The atmospheric signature, the Southern Oscillation (SO) reflects the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure ...
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... concentrations, solar radiation, and other climate forcing. All the models capture the TIO warming, with variability in the onset and magnitude of the trend. Determining the cause of TIO warming in observations proves difficult; Yu et al. [2007] report that the 1988 – 2000 trend in net surface heat ...
... concentrations, solar radiation, and other climate forcing. All the models capture the TIO warming, with variability in the onset and magnitude of the trend. Determining the cause of TIO warming in observations proves difficult; Yu et al. [2007] report that the 1988 – 2000 trend in net surface heat ...
Sensor Workbook Ver2.0 - Triple Helix
... Although species have adapted to environmental change for millions of years, a quickly changing climate could require adaptation on larger and faster scales than in the past. Those species that cannot adapt are at risk of extinction. Even the loss of a single species can have cascading effects becau ...
... Although species have adapted to environmental change for millions of years, a quickly changing climate could require adaptation on larger and faster scales than in the past. Those species that cannot adapt are at risk of extinction. Even the loss of a single species can have cascading effects becau ...
European Temperate, Humid Continental Climate Building
... much rarer. Still they are of high importance, since regional effects of climate change with no doubt will differ significantly from the worldwide predictions. For example alpine regions are expected to undergo a much stronger warming process than lower or even coastal influenced regions. In Austria ...
... much rarer. Still they are of high importance, since regional effects of climate change with no doubt will differ significantly from the worldwide predictions. For example alpine regions are expected to undergo a much stronger warming process than lower or even coastal influenced regions. In Austria ...
Impacts, Adaptations and Uncertainty in the face of Anthropogenic
... processes that determine the global carbon balance. For instance, the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by tree and other plant growth in the boreal may increase or decrease with increasing temperatures, depending on the species, the geographic region where the growth occurs, the range of temperature increa ...
... processes that determine the global carbon balance. For instance, the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by tree and other plant growth in the boreal may increase or decrease with increasing temperatures, depending on the species, the geographic region where the growth occurs, the range of temperature increa ...
Changes in El Niño and La Niña teleconnections over North Pacific
... greenhouse warming may result in changes in the teleconnection pattern over the midlatitudes. Here, we compare the impacts of both El Niño and La Niña on the North Pacific and North American continent which occurred in the pre-industrial condition and in the CO2 doubling condition. Since the teleco ...
... greenhouse warming may result in changes in the teleconnection pattern over the midlatitudes. Here, we compare the impacts of both El Niño and La Niña on the North Pacific and North American continent which occurred in the pre-industrial condition and in the CO2 doubling condition. Since the teleco ...
Stephen Schneider 1945–2010 A Biographical Memoir by B. D. Santer
... output? What are the strengths and weaknesses of simpler energy-balance climate models and full three dimensional models of the climate system? Steve was one of the first to appreciate and embrace the power of climate modeling. As he later wrote, “It was absolutely exciting to me that I could sit do ...
... output? What are the strengths and weaknesses of simpler energy-balance climate models and full three dimensional models of the climate system? Steve was one of the first to appreciate and embrace the power of climate modeling. As he later wrote, “It was absolutely exciting to me that I could sit do ...
amicus brief
... warming issue. In recent years, he has drawn attention to the danger of passing climate tipping points, producing irreversible impacts that would yield a different planet from the one on which civilization developed. As part of that work, Dr. Hansen has outlined steps that are needed to stabilize cl ...
... warming issue. In recent years, he has drawn attention to the danger of passing climate tipping points, producing irreversible impacts that would yield a different planet from the one on which civilization developed. As part of that work, Dr. Hansen has outlined steps that are needed to stabilize cl ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.