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Cell Respiration
Cell Respiration

... • During glycolysis, high levels of ATP inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which catalyzes one of the early reactions. • Phosphofructokinase has two binding sites for ATP: 1. The active site, where ATP phosphorylates fructose-6phosphate, resulting in the synthesis of fructose-1,6bisphosphate 2. ...
12.1 Mechanisms regulating enzyme synthesis 12.1.2.2 Enzyme
12.1 Mechanisms regulating enzyme synthesis 12.1.2.2 Enzyme

...  Microbial ecosystems are oligotrophic with a limited availability of nutrients.  Furthermore, nutrients are not usually found in balanced concentrations while the organisms have to compete with each other for available nutrients.  Organic materials are converted to carbon skeletons for monomer a ...
G protein
G protein

... • Cell-to-cell communication is essential for both multicellular and unicellular organisms • Biologists have discovered some universal mechanisms of cellular regulation • Cells most often communicate with each other via chemical signals • For example, the fight-or-flight response is triggered by a s ...
Lecture 33
Lecture 33

... AMP, citrate and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP), but in a reciprocal manner. Reciprocal regulation refers to the fact that the same regulatory molecule has opposite effects on two enzymes that control a shared step in two reaction pathways. For example, when energy charge in the cell is low, A ...
Lecture-Intro to metabolism - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
Lecture-Intro to metabolism - Creighton Chemistry Webserver

... When glucose is available, result depends on conditions: ATP low, glc oxidized ATP high, glycogen synthesis ATP high and lipids needed, glycolysis, then fatty acid biosynthesis ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy

... As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is transformed in the mitochondrion into a form that can be used to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway

... PPP is a shunt • The pathway begins with the glycolytic intermediate glucose 6-P. • It reconnects with glycolysis because two of the end products of the PPP are glyceraldehyde 3-P and fructose 6-P; two intermediates further down in the glycolytic pathway. • It is for this reason that the PPP is oft ...
Muscle
Muscle

... • The energy release accompanying ATP hydrolysis is transmitted to the unfavorable reaction so that the overall free energy for the coupled process is negative (favorable) – DG0’ for ATP hydrolysis is a large negative number – ATP changes the Keq by a factor of 108 (p69-70) – The involvement of ATP ...
Biology Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration Notes Glycolysis:  “Glucose splits”
Biology Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration Notes Glycolysis: “Glucose splits”

... Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation. The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate the electron acceptor NAD+. Without it, glycolysis can not continue because there is no place to put its electrons. It is NOT the purpose of fermentation to produce ...
Chapter 9: Fermentation
Chapter 9: Fermentation

... • In respiration, the electrons of NADH are ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. •In addition, even more ATP is generated from the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle. •Without oxygen, the energy still stored in pyruvate is unavailable to the cell. •Under aerobi ...
Uncoupling insulin signalling by serine/threonine phosphorylation: a
Uncoupling insulin signalling by serine/threonine phosphorylation: a

... beta cells [1]. At the molecular level, insulin binding to its transmembrane receptor (IR) stimulates the intrinsic tyrosine (Tyr) kinase activity of the receptor (IRK), which then phosphorylates selected Tyr residues of target proteins. IR substrates include IRS (IR substrate) proteins (IRS-1–6), S ...
Cellular Respiration - Parkway C-2
Cellular Respiration - Parkway C-2

... glucose is broken into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates (a 3-carbon compound) “investing” 2 ATP. These are converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid and the ‘investment’ pays out a total of 4 ATP and 2 NADH. The process of glycolysis produces and then captures two pairs of high-energy electrons usin ...
Cell Respiration
Cell Respiration

... Since membranes are relatively impermeable to ions, most of the protons re-enter the matrix by passing through special channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of the inward flow of protons these channels allow the synthesis of A. B. C. D. E. ...
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... carboxypeptidase B cleaves Cterminal arginine or lysine residues. and proelastase. Pepsin preferentially attacks peptide bonds involving residues of aromatic amino acids. which is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa as pepsinogen and consequently converted to pepsin by pepsin itself at ...
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Metabolism of Carbohydrates

... Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) Link between energy releasing and energy requiring mechanisms ...
Signaling by Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors
Signaling by Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors

... Interaction with the 2nd messenger dissociates the auto-inhibitory site from the cat domain  disinhibiting it. Additional regions of the kinases may be responsible for oligomerization or for targeting the kinases to distinct cellular locations. ...
Chapter 8 - South Sevier High School
Chapter 8 - South Sevier High School

... 3) turns twice because two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the cycle per glucose molecule; 4) produces two immediate ATP molecules per glucose molecule. d. The electron transport chain: 1) is a series of carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accept electrons from glucose--electrons are passed ...
Chem 465 Biochemistry II
Chem 465 Biochemistry II

... 8. What is Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate? Where does it come from? And how is it important in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? (Include as many details as possible) Fructose 2,6 biphosphate is used primarily as an allosteric effector of the enzymes phosphofructokinase-1 and fructose 1, ...
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION

... – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenerate the four-carbon molecule (thus the “cycle” designation) ...
Lecture_30.Carbohydrates.Tannins
Lecture_30.Carbohydrates.Tannins

... polysaccharides can be varied; however, the predominant monosaccharide found in polysaccharides is D-glucose. When polysaccharides are composed of a single monosaccharide building block, they are termed homopolysaccharides. Polysaccharides composed of more than one type of monosaccharide are termed ...
13. Carbohydrates. Tannins
13. Carbohydrates. Tannins

... polysaccharides can be varied; however, the predominant monosaccharide found in polysaccharides is D-glucose. When polysaccharides are composed of a single monosaccharide building block, they are termed homopolysaccharides. Polysaccharides composed of more than one type of monosaccharide are termed ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration

... • Humans, fungi, bacteria (cheese yogurt). • Produced during heavy exercise. Lactic acid accumulate in blood, must later be converted back to glucose or pyruvic acid (requires oxygen) = oxygen debt. ...
3. Feedback mechanisms control cellular respiration
3. Feedback mechanisms control cellular respiration

... role in anabolic pathways of the cell. • Not all the organic molecules of food are completely oxidized to make ATP. • Intermediaries in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle can be diverted to anabolic pathways. • For example, a human cell can synthesize about half the 20 different amino acids by modifying ...
Regulation of Glucose metabolism
Regulation of Glucose metabolism

... 2. Effect on lipid metabolism: • Affects adipose tissue and causes a reduction in plasma fatty acids  A decrease in triglyceride degradation (inhibits hormone sensitive lipase)  An increase in triglyceride synthesis by:  Increased glucose uptake which is converted into glycerol 3 phosphate  Acti ...
PDF 2/page
PDF 2/page

... They control the rate of the respective pathway and whether it is turned on or shut off. ...
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Phosphorylation



Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO43−) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation and its counterpart, dephosphorylation, turn many protein enzymes on and off, thereby altering their function and activity. Protein phosphorylation is one type of post-translational modification.Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes. Its prominent role in biochemistry is the subject of a very large body of research (as of March 2015, the Medline database returns over 240,000 articles on the subject, largely on protein phosphorylation).
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