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Hume
Hume

... Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40) Essays Moral Political and Literary (1751) Enquiry concerning Human Understanding ...
Notes for Aristotle`s On Soul
Notes for Aristotle`s On Soul

... satisfied only to describe from a first-person point of view precisely what it is like to perceive something. Phenomenology, an important twentieth-century philosophical movement, treats perception in this way: it brackets, or leaves aside, causal explanation--because it is under the influence of ph ...
MERSCH,Dieter–Aesthetic_Difference-On_the_
MERSCH,Dieter–Aesthetic_Difference-On_the_

... of Picasso’s work. But it is the found objects themselves that really make the work, objects that draw much of their force from the very contingency of their discovery. It is the find of this specific seat and this specific set of handlebars with their wear and tear that allow this unique appearanc ...
Argument that statements of value cannot be translated into
Argument that statements of value cannot be translated into

... occur through some kind of moral intuition, since the normal faculties of apprehension only work on empirically (This would require a form of rationalism – that is, if some knowledge Intuitions are different for different people. If statements of value are evaluable only through some form of moral i ...
Not how the world is, is the mystical, but that it is. verseny 07 L
Not how the world is, is the mystical, but that it is. verseny 07 L

... -Language may be a way to reach metaphysical conclusions, by being used and then being transcended.(Ladder metaphor) The contradiction, between the latter two dissolves as we realise that by talking about metaphysich we are already outside the borders of logic and language, so the very idea of contr ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... elements of the real world being primary. Yet, it is obvious that any statement about nature has to be based on observation. What could then be more natural than a theory in which observation plays a more fundamental role than in a classical worldview? What could be more sensible than the theory its ...
Error theory
Error theory

... scope of a priori knowledge. If we think we only gain knowledge in the ways empiricism allows, we will have to adopt an error theory for all these claims. Mackie accepts the point: either empiricism can account for knowledge in these areas, or they all face the objection that they appeal to somethin ...
Religion-Jaina philosophy
Religion-Jaina philosophy

... human beings), the one cannot take on the nature of the other. Both are ontological substances (dravya) in that reality or existence as such can ultimately be reduced to these two eternal, uncreated and indestructible categories (see Ontology in Indian philosophy §1). The soul is best described as a ...
Eleven Reasons Why Philosophy is Important
Eleven Reasons Why Philosophy is Important

... becoming fanatical. Learning about philosophy can help us learn to be more philosophical. 2. It helps us be moral. Morality is of the utmost importance because our decisions can have a powerful impact on ourselves and others. Our decisions can help or hurt people. We want fewer criminals, more peopl ...
Bertrand Russell. The World of Universals [The Problems of
Bertrand Russell. The World of Universals [The Problems of

... The beginner, in order to avoid error, often finds it useful to draw several triangles, as unlike each other as possible, in order to make sure that his reasoning is equally applicable to all of them. But a difficulty emerges as soon as we ask ourselves how we know that a thing is white or a triangl ...
A response to the essay on Schopenhauer`s
A response to the essay on Schopenhauer`s

... that he loses me. I cannot see any compelling logic behind asserting ‘four different intellectual paths’ which cannot be mixed, then using this as a stick to beat other people’s philosophies with. If these intellectual paths really were independent and running in parallel, it would surely be possibl ...
Full Text
Full Text

... basic claim that clearly portrays the Socratic method of linking knowing with doing is: “If one knows the nature of the good life, then one will naturally act in such a way to try to achieve it.” However, we notice that his claim is stated conditionally; so, knowing is not always necessary to live/l ...
My Confession By Leo Tolstoy -Alexis Marroquin
My Confession By Leo Tolstoy -Alexis Marroquin

... Tolstoy stated that the world was something that was infinite and impossible to understand. He believed that in faith we can find the possible meaning of life, faith is the power of life. He tried to define faith as knowledge of the meaning of human life, if man did not destroy himself, he lived. No ...
Intuition, Entitlement and the Epistemology of Logical Laws
Intuition, Entitlement and the Epistemology of Logical Laws

... have my eyesight checked, for example. But the point is that in proceeding to such an investigation, one would then be forced to make further presuppositions of the same general kinds (that my eyes are functioning properly now, when I read the optometrist's report, perhaps with my new glasses on; or ...
Sometimes I despair of my philosophical colleagues
Sometimes I despair of my philosophical colleagues

... amount to nothing but fossilized old theories. Some philosophers dislike the idea that they are in the same business as science. They think that this demeans their discipline, denying it any special subject matter or method. But the view that philosophical theories are eventually answerable to empir ...
Purva Mimamsa and Vedanta
Purva Mimamsa and Vedanta

... by reaction. ... The real Self within me is also unknown and unknowable. Let us call it y. When I know myself as so-and-so, it is y+ the mind. That y strikes a blow on the mind. So our whole world is x+ mind (external), and y+ mind (internal), x and y standing for the thing-in-itself behind the exte ...
Introduction: the growth of ignorance?
Introduction: the growth of ignorance?

... treated as a valued commodity to be sold or otherwise transferred. It would be poor marketing to question its worth, or whether it is a commodity at all. More generally, scientific epistemology, which underwrites development theories, is far less empirical than is supposed (Quine 1953) and, as we sh ...
Descartes` Epistemology
Descartes` Epistemology

... – In order for the evil genius to deceive him, Descartes must exist because something that does not exist cannot be deceived. – But, what is Descartes, i.e. what type of being is he? ...
How To Write an A.P. U.S. History Thesis Statement
How To Write an A.P. U.S. History Thesis Statement

... want to save their thesis for the last paragraph. Perhaps they think that the reader’s interest will be held if they create suspense. In reality the reader is more likely to be frustrated as he wonders what you are trying to prove. Another mistake is to put the thesis as the very first sentence of t ...
Philosophers_Search_for_Wisdom_Article
Philosophers_Search_for_Wisdom_Article

... tutor Alexander, the son and heir of King Phillip II of Macedon. Then at age fifty, Aristotle returned to Athens to set up a school there. Aristotle was interested in many fields: astronomy, physics, math, anatomy, politics, art, speech, and philosophy. He collected information on over five hundred ...
What is immediate perception? The Buddhist answer
What is immediate perception? The Buddhist answer

... Then how is it produced? Dignaga is not clear about this question. According to Dharmakirti, a svalakshana, or particular, possessing its causal function (arthakriya), can produce its own image or aspect (akara) in our mind. Does it mean that we really apprehend svalakshana at the moment of percepti ...
introduction: the task of thinking reality
introduction: the task of thinking reality

... contemplative insight into things that lies at the heart of metaphysics. The Greeks called this approach to things theoria, which comes from the word theoros, a word which means "one who sees." The "one who sees" is the theoros, the individual who has an insight into the things of the world, who can ...
What is Pragmatism - Valdosta State University
What is Pragmatism - Valdosta State University

...  the most striking of the components of pragmatism, however, and perhaps the unifying theme in the other components, is the emphasis places on practice and activity  pragmatists all held that the purpose of any theory/hypothesis should be to direct or redirect activity o theorizing is preparation ...
Why is there Philosophy of Mathematics at all?
Why is there Philosophy of Mathematics at all?

... Incidentally, this is one part of the book where I disagree with Hacking. He claims that proof began with Thales and is unique to Western mathematics. This may be true if you limit yourself to Leibnizian proof, but many examples of Cartesian proof can be found in Arabic, Chinese and especially India ...
Chapter 5 Mathematics
Chapter 5 Mathematics

... • Sound and hard to argue with because ...
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Rationalism

In epistemology, rationalism is the view that ""regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge"" or ""any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification"". More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory ""in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"". Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, rationalists argue that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists assert that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. Rationalists have such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence are unnecessary to ascertain truth – in other words, ""there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience"". Because of this belief, empiricism is one of rationalism's greatest rivals.Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position ""that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge"" to the more extreme position that reason is ""the unique path to knowledge"". Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive ""Classical Political Rationalism"" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic. Rationalism should not be confused with rationality, nor with rationalization.In politics, Rationalism, since the Enlightenment, historically emphasized a ""politics of reason"" centered upon rational choice, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism later ameliorated by utilitarian adoption of pluralistic rationalist methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology.In this regard, the philosopher John Cottingham noted how rationalism, a methodology, became socially conflated with atheism, a worldview: In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of 'a mere rationalist, that is to say in plain English an atheist of the late edition...'). The use of the label 'rationalist' to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like 'humanist' or 'materialist' seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.
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