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Chapter 2
Chapter 2

... that is the outcome of a measurement process. ...
Class5
Class5

... variances are computed as a ratio, and an F-test based on an F-distribution is used to test the statistical significance of the hypothesis that all group means are equal. If the group means are actually equal, then the variance of the group means will be close to zero. The following is an example of ...
Stat 203 Wk 2 – Hr 3, Jan 11 2017.
Stat 203 Wk 2 – Hr 3, Jan 11 2017.

... - For some data sets you might get quartiles that don’t fit halfway between two values. - Example: If we had 16 data points, Q1 is the ¼*(16+1) = 4.25th value, and Q3 is the ¾ * (16+1) = 12.75th values. - For our sake, just treat these as if they were halfway between points to find the quartiles. - ...
Dotplot
Dotplot

... • Labels on the horizontal and vertical axes - be sure if you are using 3 to represent 3,000 that that information is in the label • Scales on both axes (sometimes this is not needed, for example on boxplots) • Labels for each plot if the graph includes multiple data sets (e.g. parallel boxplots) ...
The Right Questions about Statistics full set handouts
The Right Questions about Statistics full set handouts

... o The p-value that goes with the F-statistic in the ANOVA table tells you whether all the variables at once have a relationship with the outcome. Low p-value means the relationship is “significant”. o The p-value for each coefficient tells you whether that explanatory variable appears to have a rela ...
Since all the distributions have n=50, those with more variability are
Since all the distributions have n=50, those with more variability are

... over the other • the apparent difference in r is not greater than chance ...
chapter 1
chapter 1

... Separate each observation into a stem (has all but the last digit, can be 1, 2, or more digits) consisting of all but the final (rightmost) digit and a leaf (has only one digit), the final digit. ...
Measurement
Measurement

... the numbers from a research study Techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from ...
chapter 1
chapter 1

... It is important that all X variables are standardized in order to use the standard normal tables to compute probabilities. Normal quantile plot - very sensitive way to assess normality, however, not easily done by hand - computer software programs allow us to construct a more accurate plot without t ...
Chapter 14
Chapter 14

... significance, we have strong evidence that the independent variable xj is significantly related to y • If we can reject H0: βj = 0 at the 0.01 level of significance, we have very strong evidence that the independent variable xj is significantly related to y • The smaller the significance level  at ...
Wiederholungssendung A
Wiederholungssendung A

... A: It produces only 5% false positives B: It produces less true negatives ...
Test 1B solution
Test 1B solution

... down to the Cafeteria and found 10 coffee-drinking undergraduates and 10 non-coffee drinking undergraduates. I asked them for their cumulative GPA and compared the GPAs for the two groups. Is this an experiment or an observational study? a) experiment b) observational study 14. Which one of the foll ...
chapter 1
chapter 1

... Index number – nationwide average price (less variable than the price at any one store that may from time to time offer special prices) Seasonally adjusted – helps to avoid misinterpretation especially for short periods of time. Decomposing time series Statistical software programs can help to exami ...
Year 12 Further Maths (Core)
Year 12 Further Maths (Core)

... Note that the data on the left hand side of the back to back stem and leaf plot is ordered backwards, that is from the centre outwards. When comparing these two categories we describe each data set as a univariate set, describing shape, centre, spread and the presence or otherwise of outliers. Compa ...
Lecture Notes-RM Capters 9&5-Measures of Central Tendency
Lecture Notes-RM Capters 9&5-Measures of Central Tendency

... When the association between two variables is expressed mathematically, it is called a correlation. Features of Correlations 1. It is expressed as r. 2. The range is from -1.00 to +1.00. 3. -1.00 is a perfect negative correlation; +1.00 is a perfect positive correlation. These are never seen with r ...
Autumn 1999 exam
Autumn 1999 exam

... To determine which type of probability distribution we have here you need to ask the following questions:  Are there a fixed number of trials?  Are only two outcomes possible?  Do we have information on the average number of occurrences? ...
AAAA_NUIP Stats Lecture
AAAA_NUIP Stats Lecture

... Is there a difference in depression scores depending on types of elderly housing and care (independent living, assisted living, and ...
Analysis of Quantitative Data
Analysis of Quantitative Data

... Range – The range is a measure of dispersion, found by finding the highest score/number and taking away the lowest score giving the difference between the two. ...
Hypothesis Testing for Large Sample
Hypothesis Testing for Large Sample

... make Type I error is called Level of Significance or Significance Level The Significance Level is denoted by α Commonly, a significance level of 0.05 or 0.01 is considered If for example, an α of 0.05 is chosen in designing a decision, then there are about 5 chances in 100 that we would reject the h ...
AP Stats Test Review #2
AP Stats Test Review #2

... 1) Find the measures of center and spread, 2) If 5 was added to each piece of data, what would the new measures of center and spread be? 3) If each piece of data was multiplied by 10, what would the new measures of center and spread be? 4) Calculate if there are any outliers in the data set. 5) Draw ...
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... exam, skewed right. ...
Describing Data: Displaying and Exploring Data
Describing Data: Displaying and Exploring Data

... variables be at least interval scale. What if we wish to study the relationship between two variables when one or both are nominal or ordinal scale? In this case we tally the results in a contingency table. ...
Lecture 10
Lecture 10

... • Mean, n, standard deviation, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, sum • Minimum, maximum, range, number of missing observations, median ...
MidTermPracticeQuestionsAll
MidTermPracticeQuestionsAll

... d. It gets smaller with increased sample size 38. Suppose we had the following data: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. and we calculated their mean as 35/5 = 7. What are the degrees of freedom in computing the mean? a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 1 39. Suppose we wanted to construct a confidence interval around the mean of 2969.5 ...
Chapter 1
Chapter 1

... 2. In a statistics class with 136 students, the professor records how much money each student has in his or her possession during the first class of the semester. The histogram below shows the data collected. Based on this histogram: a) ...
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Categorical variable

In statistics, a categorical variable is a variable that can take on one of a limited, and usually fixed, number of possible values, thus assigning each individual to a particular group or ""category."" In computer science and some branches of mathematics, categorical variables are referred to as enumerations or enumerated types. Commonly (though not in this article), each of the possible values of a categorical variable is referred to as a level. The probability distribution associated with a random categorical variable is called a categorical distribution.Categorical data is the statistical data type consisting of categorical variables or of data that has been converted into that form, for example as grouped data. More specifically, categorical data may derive from either or both of observations made of qualitative data, where the observations are summarised as counts or cross tabulations, or of quantitative data, where observations might be directly observed counts of events happening or might be counts of values that occur within given intervals. Often, purely categorical data are summarised in the form of a contingency table. However, particularly when considering data analysis, it is common to use the term ""categorical data"" to apply to data sets that, while containing some categorical variables, may also contain non-categorical variables.A categorical variable that can take on exactly two values is termed a binary variable or dichotomous variable; an important special case is the Bernoulli variable. Categorical variables with more than two possible values are called polytomous variables; variables are often assumed to be polytomous unless otherwise specified. Discretization is treating continuous data as if it were categorical. Dichotomization is treating continuous data or polytomous variables as if they were binary variables. Regression analysis often treats category membership as a quantitative dummy variable.
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