All flavours of El Niño have similar early subsurface origins - e
... The El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon, characterized by anomalous sea surface temperatures and winds in the tropical Pacific, affects climate across the globe1 . El Niños occur every 2–7 years, whereas the El Niño/Southern Oscillation itself varies on decadal timescales in frequency and amplit ...
... The El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon, characterized by anomalous sea surface temperatures and winds in the tropical Pacific, affects climate across the globe1 . El Niños occur every 2–7 years, whereas the El Niño/Southern Oscillation itself varies on decadal timescales in frequency and amplit ...
English - Stockholm Convention
... review by Fox et al. (2009) the boundary for colder water/warmer water species have moved north wards for plankton, benthos, fishes and pole wards for some sea mammals during the last 30 years with increasing temperatures in the surface layers of the north-eastern Atlantic. Immigration of temperate ...
... review by Fox et al. (2009) the boundary for colder water/warmer water species have moved north wards for plankton, benthos, fishes and pole wards for some sea mammals during the last 30 years with increasing temperatures in the surface layers of the north-eastern Atlantic. Immigration of temperate ...
Climate feedback efficiency and synergy - MPG.PuRe - Max
... another run. For example, Cess et al. (1991) compared snow feedbacks in an ensemble of atmosphere-only models with prescribed SST and sea ice, finding a vast range of responses ranging from even slightly negative to strongly positive. The cause of the large inter-model spread was not so much due to ...
... another run. For example, Cess et al. (1991) compared snow feedbacks in an ensemble of atmosphere-only models with prescribed SST and sea ice, finding a vast range of responses ranging from even slightly negative to strongly positive. The cause of the large inter-model spread was not so much due to ...
Mountains and Climate Change: A Global Concern
... many mountain regions intersect important environmental boundaries such as timber lines, snow lines or the occurrence of glaciers or permafrost. Climatically induced changes in these boundaries could possibly trigger feedback processes (see Box on page 11) affecting the local climate. For instance, ...
... many mountain regions intersect important environmental boundaries such as timber lines, snow lines or the occurrence of glaciers or permafrost. Climatically induced changes in these boundaries could possibly trigger feedback processes (see Box on page 11) affecting the local climate. For instance, ...
Mountains and Climate Change: A global concern - EDA
... many mountain regions intersect important environmental boundaries such as timber lines, snow lines or the occurrence of glaciers or permafrost. Climatically induced changes in these boundaries could possibly trigger feedback processes (see Box on page 11) affecting the local climate. For instance, ...
... many mountain regions intersect important environmental boundaries such as timber lines, snow lines or the occurrence of glaciers or permafrost. Climatically induced changes in these boundaries could possibly trigger feedback processes (see Box on page 11) affecting the local climate. For instance, ...
Annex II Risk profile outline
... frequency and severity of ozone-depletion in the Arctic, as well as cloudiness and extent of snow and ice cover (ACIA 2005). The UV-radiation levels are increasing due to increased ozone-depletion, and the exposure of biota to UV-radiation increases because of decreasing ice- and snow cover in the A ...
... frequency and severity of ozone-depletion in the Arctic, as well as cloudiness and extent of snow and ice cover (ACIA 2005). The UV-radiation levels are increasing due to increased ozone-depletion, and the exposure of biota to UV-radiation increases because of decreasing ice- and snow cover in the A ...
Tipping elements and climate-economic shocks: Pathways toward
... Whether labeled ‘tipping points’ [Lenton and Schellnhuber, 2007; Lenton et al., 2008], ‘large-scale singular events’ [O’Neill et al., in rev.; Smith et al., 2001, 2009; Oppenheimer et al., 2014], or ‘abrupt impacts’ [National Research Council, 2002, 2013], large-scale, non-linear shifts in the Earth ...
... Whether labeled ‘tipping points’ [Lenton and Schellnhuber, 2007; Lenton et al., 2008], ‘large-scale singular events’ [O’Neill et al., in rev.; Smith et al., 2001, 2009; Oppenheimer et al., 2014], or ‘abrupt impacts’ [National Research Council, 2002, 2013], large-scale, non-linear shifts in the Earth ...
Sensitivity of terrestrial precipitation trends to the structural evolution
... the standard deviation of the intermodel trends at a given grid point, x2 (which in the model-index domain is equivalent to standardizing in the time domain). All model data have been interpolated to a common 5° × 5° grid. ...
... the standard deviation of the intermodel trends at a given grid point, x2 (which in the model-index domain is equivalent to standardizing in the time domain). All model data have been interpolated to a common 5° × 5° grid. ...
global temperature trends
... difference is probably caused by errors in the model radiative forcing5,12,14–16 or in the model response to radiative forcing5,14,17,18. The relative magnitudes of these three contributions are poorly known. Here we quantify how forcing, feedback and internal climate variability contribute to sprea ...
... difference is probably caused by errors in the model radiative forcing5,12,14–16 or in the model response to radiative forcing5,14,17,18. The relative magnitudes of these three contributions are poorly known. Here we quantify how forcing, feedback and internal climate variability contribute to sprea ...
pdf
... • Next, show students the average temperature data for the same time period that they observed. To access the data for Newburgh, NY, go to: www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/daily/USNY1003 To use the data from your city, follow the instructions in Advanced Preparation. Ask students to f ...
... • Next, show students the average temperature data for the same time period that they observed. To access the data for Newburgh, NY, go to: www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/daily/USNY1003 To use the data from your city, follow the instructions in Advanced Preparation. Ask students to f ...
Environmental Impacts—Marine Ecosystems
... The rate of warming that the North Sea experienced from 1983 to 2007 is too high to persist, and the component of the warming due to multi-decadal variability is expected to reverse. There are indeed indications in the data since 2008 that temperatures in the North Sea may be returning to lower leve ...
... The rate of warming that the North Sea experienced from 1983 to 2007 is too high to persist, and the component of the warming due to multi-decadal variability is expected to reverse. There are indeed indications in the data since 2008 that temperatures in the North Sea may be returning to lower leve ...
Long-term effects of warming and ocean acidification are modified
... that differ in terms of resource availability, thereby altering species composition and density distributions which, in turn, can affect ecosystem processes at the local scale and ecosystem functioning at larger scales [16,58]. These context-dependent changes in behaviour and species–environment int ...
... that differ in terms of resource availability, thereby altering species composition and density distributions which, in turn, can affect ecosystem processes at the local scale and ecosystem functioning at larger scales [16,58]. These context-dependent changes in behaviour and species–environment int ...
Climate variability over the last 35,000 years
... sea surface temperatures (SSTs) exceed 28 C and provide a major global source of latent heat release (Gagan et al., 2004). Some of the descending air from the STHPB travels back to the equator along the surface of the Earth, creating the south easterly trade winds, which flow from the east to west ...
... sea surface temperatures (SSTs) exceed 28 C and provide a major global source of latent heat release (Gagan et al., 2004). Some of the descending air from the STHPB travels back to the equator along the surface of the Earth, creating the south easterly trade winds, which flow from the east to west ...
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... precipitation, a weakening of the trade winds and a deeper thermocline. The opposite conditions occur during La Niña events. The Southern Oscillation, indicative of the difference in sea level pressure between the tropical eastern and western Pacific/Australia, is negative during EN episodes, with l ...
... precipitation, a weakening of the trade winds and a deeper thermocline. The opposite conditions occur during La Niña events. The Southern Oscillation, indicative of the difference in sea level pressure between the tropical eastern and western Pacific/Australia, is negative during EN episodes, with l ...
SEA LEVEL RISE IN THE CARIBBEAN
... Island Developing States (SIDS) have characteristics which make them particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, sea level rise and extreme events, including: relative isolation, small land masses, concentrations of population and infrastructure in coastal areas, a limited economic bas ...
... Island Developing States (SIDS) have characteristics which make them particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, sea level rise and extreme events, including: relative isolation, small land masses, concentrations of population and infrastructure in coastal areas, a limited economic bas ...
Document
... geoengineering is deployed to fully offset the temperature change, global mean precipitation was found to be reduced by 4.5% below the pre-industrial level, compared with an increase of 6.9% above pre-industrial in the high-CO2 scenario [Tilmes et al., 2013]. Analogously, if the objective were to o ...
... geoengineering is deployed to fully offset the temperature change, global mean precipitation was found to be reduced by 4.5% below the pre-industrial level, compared with an increase of 6.9% above pre-industrial in the high-CO2 scenario [Tilmes et al., 2013]. Analogously, if the objective were to o ...
Climate change in the Arctic: current and future
... superimposed on longer term changes in harvesting behaviour, has altered and tended to increase harvesting-related exposures. These are discussed below. Climate change There is a widespread feeling among Inuit in Arctic Bay and Igloolik that climatic conditions have been changing beyond expected nat ...
... superimposed on longer term changes in harvesting behaviour, has altered and tended to increase harvesting-related exposures. These are discussed below. Climate change There is a widespread feeling among Inuit in Arctic Bay and Igloolik that climatic conditions have been changing beyond expected nat ...
Risk-based assessment of climate change impacts
... and present understanding based on the published literature. There are currently no models that can predict the combination of natural and anthropogenic changes at the regional level on the decadal scale. Projections for the 50 year timescale were developed using results from the Fourth Assessment R ...
... and present understanding based on the published literature. There are currently no models that can predict the combination of natural and anthropogenic changes at the regional level on the decadal scale. Projections for the 50 year timescale were developed using results from the Fourth Assessment R ...
Physical impacts of climate change
This article is about the physical impacts of climate change. For some of these physical impacts, their effect on social and economic systems are also described.