Project Document for CEO Approval
... weather on electricity transmission lines. These could be damaged and require frequent repairs. In addition, temperature changes due to global warming could result in changes in energy requirements. For example, an increase in average temperatures could result in higher demand for cooling energy. T ...
... weather on electricity transmission lines. These could be damaged and require frequent repairs. In addition, temperature changes due to global warming could result in changes in energy requirements. For example, an increase in average temperatures could result in higher demand for cooling energy. T ...
APPENDIX 1 - Curriculum Education and Training Program in
... This module will introduce concepts of ecosystem goods and services that are based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) framework. The role of ecosystems and biodiversity in providing goods and services, supporting livelihoods, and enabling development will be explored using examples from Af ...
... This module will introduce concepts of ecosystem goods and services that are based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) framework. The role of ecosystems and biodiversity in providing goods and services, supporting livelihoods, and enabling development will be explored using examples from Af ...
Understanding Uncertainties in Future Colorado River Streamflow
... specified. This affects the magnitude of temperature and precipitation changes – generally higher ...
... specified. This affects the magnitude of temperature and precipitation changes – generally higher ...
Paleoclimate Implications for Human-Made Climate Change
... In this paper we discuss Cenozoic climate change and its relevance to understanding of human-made climate change. We review how Milankovic climate oscillations provide a precise measure of climate sensitivity to any natural or human-made climate forcing. We summarize how temperature is extracted fr ...
... In this paper we discuss Cenozoic climate change and its relevance to understanding of human-made climate change. We review how Milankovic climate oscillations provide a precise measure of climate sensitivity to any natural or human-made climate forcing. We summarize how temperature is extracted fr ...
The science of climate change in Africa: impacts and
... Figure 5. The alternation of La Niña (blue) and El Niño (red) events. (The Multivariate ENSO Index is based on six variables measured across the Pacific).13 La Niña is an extreme version of the ‘normal’ condition with very cold water, strong high pressure and very dry conditions in the eastern Pacif ...
... Figure 5. The alternation of La Niña (blue) and El Niño (red) events. (The Multivariate ENSO Index is based on six variables measured across the Pacific).13 La Niña is an extreme version of the ‘normal’ condition with very cold water, strong high pressure and very dry conditions in the eastern Pacif ...
Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in future scenarios
... C-ESM model the coupling between SILVA and ECHAM5 is achieved by means of a fully implicit coupling numerical scheme for the energy and water fluxes. This scheme has been implemented with a flux conserving Neumann closure of the atmospheric vertical diffusion at the surface (Polcher et al., 1998; Al ...
... C-ESM model the coupling between SILVA and ECHAM5 is achieved by means of a fully implicit coupling numerical scheme for the energy and water fluxes. This scheme has been implemented with a flux conserving Neumann closure of the atmospheric vertical diffusion at the surface (Polcher et al., 1998; Al ...
Frontlines of Climate Change
... While in the temperate parts of Europe the graver impacts of climate change will be slow to arrive, in Canada they are already knocking on your door. The Arctic is warming much more rapidly than lower latitudes, with serious consequences for the culture and subsistence of your native peoples; for bi ...
... While in the temperate parts of Europe the graver impacts of climate change will be slow to arrive, in Canada they are already knocking on your door. The Arctic is warming much more rapidly than lower latitudes, with serious consequences for the culture and subsistence of your native peoples; for bi ...
High Mountain Glacial Watershed Program Newsletter #3 Fall 2012
... TLS has only recently been employed in glaciological studies, but shows great promise – especially for work involving debris-covered glaciers. Aside from trying to determine how debris-covered glaciers on Chimborazo are behaving under current climatic conditions, the other key motivation for this re ...
... TLS has only recently been employed in glaciological studies, but shows great promise – especially for work involving debris-covered glaciers. Aside from trying to determine how debris-covered glaciers on Chimborazo are behaving under current climatic conditions, the other key motivation for this re ...
Communicating climate change in mainstream
... This guide aims to help reporters draw on existing data and analysis and hone it to meet the specific needs of their investors, who are looking to appraise the significance of climate change for the business from a financial perspective. This advice does not represent a new requirement, and nor shou ...
... This guide aims to help reporters draw on existing data and analysis and hone it to meet the specific needs of their investors, who are looking to appraise the significance of climate change for the business from a financial perspective. This advice does not represent a new requirement, and nor shou ...
The economic impact of climate change on road infrastructure in sub
... cause roads to easily develop cracks within a short period after their construction. Also, high precipitation will allow new roads to easily develop potholes while existing potholes will deepen fast. Rising sea levels can also flood gravelled and unpaved roads adjacent to the sea shore. Furthermore, ...
... cause roads to easily develop cracks within a short period after their construction. Also, high precipitation will allow new roads to easily develop potholes while existing potholes will deepen fast. Rising sea levels can also flood gravelled and unpaved roads adjacent to the sea shore. Furthermore, ...
Climate Change and National Park Wildlife: A Survival
... are unfolding faster than the animals’ ability to adapt. Climate change is here and now, affecting the coral reefs in Florida at Biscayne National Park, lodgepole pines in Rocky Mountain National Park and animals that rely on snow in Yellowstone National Park. The danger signs are a clear call to ac ...
... are unfolding faster than the animals’ ability to adapt. Climate change is here and now, affecting the coral reefs in Florida at Biscayne National Park, lodgepole pines in Rocky Mountain National Park and animals that rely on snow in Yellowstone National Park. The danger signs are a clear call to ac ...
Bilateral Cooperation between China and the United States
... consumption per unit of GDP was reduced by 9 percent; the equivalent of approximately 350 million tons coal equivalent was saved—that is, a reduction of more than 840 MtCO2 (million tons of carbon dioxide). These measures also bring collateral benefits in reducing air pollution in urban areas, which ...
... consumption per unit of GDP was reduced by 9 percent; the equivalent of approximately 350 million tons coal equivalent was saved—that is, a reduction of more than 840 MtCO2 (million tons of carbon dioxide). These measures also bring collateral benefits in reducing air pollution in urban areas, which ...
Record-breaking temperatures reveal a warming climate
... expected number of records per year is 365/n, i.e. about 12 records for an observation period of 30 years. Remarkably, this prediction is entirely independent of the underlying probability distribution, which may even differ for different calendar days. Despite considerable current interest in extre ...
... expected number of records per year is 365/n, i.e. about 12 records for an observation period of 30 years. Remarkably, this prediction is entirely independent of the underlying probability distribution, which may even differ for different calendar days. Despite considerable current interest in extre ...
Heat stress and the fitness consequences of climate change for
... combine experimental data quantifying the thermal sensitivity of fitness in ectothermic insects with observed past and projected future climate data at multiple sites along a latitudinal gradient. Our analyses have two main goals. First, we quantify the predicted changes in mean and variation in fitne ...
... combine experimental data quantifying the thermal sensitivity of fitness in ectothermic insects with observed past and projected future climate data at multiple sites along a latitudinal gradient. Our analyses have two main goals. First, we quantify the predicted changes in mean and variation in fitne ...
Climate Impacts on Energy Systems
... extremes and ‘hotspots’ – geographic regions that will see significant changes or variability for relevant parameters (e.g. temperature, runoff, and sea level rise). It then discusses what is known about the impacts of these changes on energy resources, infrastructure, and transportation systems as ...
... extremes and ‘hotspots’ – geographic regions that will see significant changes or variability for relevant parameters (e.g. temperature, runoff, and sea level rise). It then discusses what is known about the impacts of these changes on energy resources, infrastructure, and transportation systems as ...
pdf - Framsenteret AS
... remote sensing assessments of winter disturbance effects on growing season greenness of northern lands; running of winter warming experiments in the field and under controlled environmental conditions in climate chambers; monitoring of recovery in winterdamaged fields in Abisko and along a Swedish-N ...
... remote sensing assessments of winter disturbance effects on growing season greenness of northern lands; running of winter warming experiments in the field and under controlled environmental conditions in climate chambers; monitoring of recovery in winterdamaged fields in Abisko and along a Swedish-N ...
Transport - British Social Attitudes
... sector will need to play a major part. Although GHG emissions from the sector peaked in 2007, and have since returned to roughly their 1990 levels, there is still a long way to go. Achieving a significant transformation will require strong action to ‘decarbonise’ transport, including the further dev ...
... sector will need to play a major part. Although GHG emissions from the sector peaked in 2007, and have since returned to roughly their 1990 levels, there is still a long way to go. Achieving a significant transformation will require strong action to ‘decarbonise’ transport, including the further dev ...
Climate Science: Is it currently designed to answer questions
... problems, and the cost and scale of operations increased, the need for funds undoubtedly shifted emphasis to practical relevance though numerous examples from the past assured a strong base level of confidence in the utility of science. Moreover, the many success stories established ‘science’ as a s ...
... problems, and the cost and scale of operations increased, the need for funds undoubtedly shifted emphasis to practical relevance though numerous examples from the past assured a strong base level of confidence in the utility of science. Moreover, the many success stories established ‘science’ as a s ...
The carbon budget of the northern cryosphere region
... lost from thawed permafrost [45]. The response of carbon storage to fire or permafrost thaw depends on assumptions about CO2 fertilization [46,47]. Under an assumption of no CO2 fertilization in the boreal forest region, it is estimated that the northern cryosphere region could lose up to 50 Pg C ( ...
... lost from thawed permafrost [45]. The response of carbon storage to fire or permafrost thaw depends on assumptions about CO2 fertilization [46,47]. Under an assumption of no CO2 fertilization in the boreal forest region, it is estimated that the northern cryosphere region could lose up to 50 Pg C ( ...
Exploring the relationship between climate change and rice yield in
... yield. However, these studies were confined to simulation modelling to assist in identifying the physiological effects of high temperatures on crop yield (Schlenker and Roberts, 2008). Regression models that use historical data on both climate variables and yields are more capable of providing accura ...
... yield. However, these studies were confined to simulation modelling to assist in identifying the physiological effects of high temperatures on crop yield (Schlenker and Roberts, 2008). Regression models that use historical data on both climate variables and yields are more capable of providing accura ...
spaces – science partnerships for the assessment of complex earth
... Polar and Marine Research (AWI) develops and maintains the finite-element model FESOM. This is the first time this next generation ocean/climate model has been set up and tested in such a dynamically vigorous system. South African partners send students for training purposes and to address specific ...
... Polar and Marine Research (AWI) develops and maintains the finite-element model FESOM. This is the first time this next generation ocean/climate model has been set up and tested in such a dynamically vigorous system. South African partners send students for training purposes and to address specific ...
3. IPCC`s evaluation of evidence and treatment of uncertainty
... reference period. h Changes in observed extreme high sea level closely follow the changes in average sea level. {5.5} It is very likely that anthropogenic activity contributed to a rise in average sea level. {9.5} i In all scenarios, the projected global average sea level at 2100 is higher than i ...
... reference period. h Changes in observed extreme high sea level closely follow the changes in average sea level. {5.5} It is very likely that anthropogenic activity contributed to a rise in average sea level. {9.5} i In all scenarios, the projected global average sea level at 2100 is higher than i ...
The impacts of climate change on human rights and forced migration
... are being affected by more frequent and longer-lasting droughts and desertification. Crucial freshwater sources are being contaminated by saltwater intrusion, and soils are being rendered infertile by salinisation. Oceans are becoming warmer, more acidic and sea levels are rising. The climate is nat ...
... are being affected by more frequent and longer-lasting droughts and desertification. Crucial freshwater sources are being contaminated by saltwater intrusion, and soils are being rendered infertile by salinisation. Oceans are becoming warmer, more acidic and sea levels are rising. The climate is nat ...
et al
... sunlight hitting the surface bounces back towards space • Water is much more absorbent and less reflective • So, if there is a lot of water, more solar radiation is absorbed by the ocean than when ice dominates ...
... sunlight hitting the surface bounces back towards space • Water is much more absorbent and less reflective • So, if there is a lot of water, more solar radiation is absorbed by the ocean than when ice dominates ...
Solar radiation management
Solar radiation management (SRM) projects (proposed and theoretical) are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming. Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols. They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide (CO2). Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active, as well as their potential low financial cost. By comparison, other climate engineering techniques based on greenhouse gas remediation, such as ocean iron fertilization, need to sequester the anthropogenic carbon excess before any reversal of global warming would occur. Solar radiation management projects can therefore be used as a climate engineering ""quick fix"" while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by greenhouse gas remediation techniques.