Climate Engineering under the Paris Agreement
... “negative emissions technologies” or “NETs”) are projected to have potentially severe land use, water and biodiversity consequences, as well as uncertain ecosystem impacts. The land use impacts have implications for agriculture and food security, which carry with them human rights concerns and trade ...
... “negative emissions technologies” or “NETs”) are projected to have potentially severe land use, water and biodiversity consequences, as well as uncertain ecosystem impacts. The land use impacts have implications for agriculture and food security, which carry with them human rights concerns and trade ...
CHANGING HOW EARTH SYSTEM MODELING IS DONE TO
... 2007a; Masson and Knutti 2011; Slingo and Palmer 2011). Yet Earth system models are currently so computationally demanding that only between 3 and 10 simulations per scenario were recommended for decadal forecasts and hindcasts to inform the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on ...
... 2007a; Masson and Knutti 2011; Slingo and Palmer 2011). Yet Earth system models are currently so computationally demanding that only between 3 and 10 simulations per scenario were recommended for decadal forecasts and hindcasts to inform the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on ...
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON COASTAL AREAS
... atmosphere that trap the suns heat, causing changes in weather patterns on a global scale. The effects include changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise, potential droughts, habitat loss and heat stress. The greenhouse gases of most concern are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides ...
... atmosphere that trap the suns heat, causing changes in weather patterns on a global scale. The effects include changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise, potential droughts, habitat loss and heat stress. The greenhouse gases of most concern are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides ...
Tropical cyclones and climate change
... decreasing trends in TC (tropical storm or above) frequency, but for the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC, 1945–2010) and Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo (1977–2010) datasets only a nominal, statistically insignificant decreasing trend was found. Hsu et al.75 reported an abrupt dec ...
... decreasing trends in TC (tropical storm or above) frequency, but for the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC, 1945–2010) and Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo (1977–2010) datasets only a nominal, statistically insignificant decreasing trend was found. Hsu et al.75 reported an abrupt dec ...
The Blueprint for Coffee in a Changing Climate
... The timing and duration of seasonal rain is critical to triggering flowering and seed development in the coffee plant, and many of the small farms that produce seventy percent of the world’s coffee14 depend on rain to meet the water needs of their coffee plants throughout the year. Unfortunately, to ...
... The timing and duration of seasonal rain is critical to triggering flowering and seed development in the coffee plant, and many of the small farms that produce seventy percent of the world’s coffee14 depend on rain to meet the water needs of their coffee plants throughout the year. Unfortunately, to ...
Climate Balloons - Development and Peace
... • Add a balloon if the last vegetable or fruit you ate came from more than 100 km away, or if you do not know where it came from. ...
... • Add a balloon if the last vegetable or fruit you ate came from more than 100 km away, or if you do not know where it came from. ...
Wales Soil Carbon Report - Geoenvironmental Research Centre
... N2O emissions due to the increased rate of de-nitrification associated with excess fertilizer applications, yet it is known that nitrogen is an important driver for fixing more carbon in soils. This emphasises the need to look at all GHG fluxes, and not focus solely on soil carbon. A major gap in o ...
... N2O emissions due to the increased rate of de-nitrification associated with excess fertilizer applications, yet it is known that nitrogen is an important driver for fixing more carbon in soils. This emphasises the need to look at all GHG fluxes, and not focus solely on soil carbon. A major gap in o ...
Shifting plant phenology in response to global change
... regionally [34]. For areas where precipitation patterns are strongly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the frequency and intensity of El Niño events are expected to increase, which has already begun to affect tropical forest phenology in Brazil [35]. Species-level phenology: observat ...
... regionally [34]. For areas where precipitation patterns are strongly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the frequency and intensity of El Niño events are expected to increase, which has already begun to affect tropical forest phenology in Brazil [35]. Species-level phenology: observat ...
PDF
... wide range of economical and physical processes, leading to significant uncertainties. At European scale, climate change impacts on agricultural supply have been appraised to be of relatively less important driver by the end of century compared to other global drivers. However these diagnoses are in ...
... wide range of economical and physical processes, leading to significant uncertainties. At European scale, climate change impacts on agricultural supply have been appraised to be of relatively less important driver by the end of century compared to other global drivers. However these diagnoses are in ...
Climate Change Affirmative - St. Louis Urban Debate League
... 1.7 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880, when records begin at a global scale. That figure includes the surface of the ocean. The warming is greater over land, and greater still in the Arctic and parts of Antarctica. The number may sound low, but as an average over the surface of an entire planet, it is a ...
... 1.7 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880, when records begin at a global scale. That figure includes the surface of the ocean. The warming is greater over land, and greater still in the Arctic and parts of Antarctica. The number may sound low, but as an average over the surface of an entire planet, it is a ...
... The analysis of the energy sector has shown that the economic impact of climate change during 2011-2050 is similar under the A2 (US$142.88 million) and B2 (US$134.83 million) scenarios with A2 scenario having a slightly higher cost (0.737% of 2009 GDP) than the B2 scenario (0.695% of 2009 GDP) for t ...
FINAL DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Cross
... that prolonged exposure to high CO2 is related to fundamental changes in the ecology of coral reefs (Fabricius et al., 2011), including reduced coral diversity (-39%), severely reduced structural complexity (-67%), lower density of young corals (-66%) and fewer crustose coralline algae (-85%). At hi ...
... that prolonged exposure to high CO2 is related to fundamental changes in the ecology of coral reefs (Fabricius et al., 2011), including reduced coral diversity (-39%), severely reduced structural complexity (-67%), lower density of young corals (-66%) and fewer crustose coralline algae (-85%). At hi ...
Carbon Market Crossroads
... Scientists now believe that absent a major change of course, the planet will warm 4 degrees Celsius by 2100.1 Climate change on that scale would trigger severe economic, environmental, and social disruptions. The global community would become more fractured and unequal than today, and human sufferin ...
... Scientists now believe that absent a major change of course, the planet will warm 4 degrees Celsius by 2100.1 Climate change on that scale would trigger severe economic, environmental, and social disruptions. The global community would become more fractured and unequal than today, and human sufferin ...
international, national, and state responses to climate change
... Successfully addressing global climate change presents a profound long-term challenge for governments, businesses, and society at large. Unlike other types of air pollutants which have primarily local or regional effects, greenhouse gas emissions contribute to a problem that is global in nature. Man ...
... Successfully addressing global climate change presents a profound long-term challenge for governments, businesses, and society at large. Unlike other types of air pollutants which have primarily local or regional effects, greenhouse gas emissions contribute to a problem that is global in nature. Man ...
Combating Climate Change by Keeping Land in
... ● According to AFT’s Greener Fields report, an acre of farmland emits 66x fewer greenhouse gases than an acre of developed land. ● Keeping land in farming and promoting good stewardship of the land is an important tool for achieving reductions in GHG emissions. ● If the annual rate of farmland loss ...
... ● According to AFT’s Greener Fields report, an acre of farmland emits 66x fewer greenhouse gases than an acre of developed land. ● Keeping land in farming and promoting good stewardship of the land is an important tool for achieving reductions in GHG emissions. ● If the annual rate of farmland loss ...
Oceanographic Variability
... widely accepted outcomes of climate change for oceanography and tuna fisheries. Clearly this is an area of importance and a considerably active research so we expect to be able to greatly expand upon the potential impacts in the coming years. In considering the relationship between tuna, tuna fisher ...
... widely accepted outcomes of climate change for oceanography and tuna fisheries. Clearly this is an area of importance and a considerably active research so we expect to be able to greatly expand upon the potential impacts in the coming years. In considering the relationship between tuna, tuna fisher ...
Impact of Climate Change Heating and Cooling Energy Use in
... as a result of global warming [6]. However, the impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy use in different locations will vary because of their different climates [3, 7]. A detailed analysis of heating and cooling energy use in the future is needed to better understand the impact of cli ...
... as a result of global warming [6]. However, the impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy use in different locations will vary because of their different climates [3, 7]. A detailed analysis of heating and cooling energy use in the future is needed to better understand the impact of cli ...
Border adjustments under unilateral carbon pricing: the case of Australian carbon tax
... tax policy in Japan using a multi-regional CGE model developed using the GTAP-E database. They particularly analysed welfare decline, competitiveness loss and carbon leakage and concluded that ‘no single policy is superior to the other policies’ in terms of addressing simultaneously all three issues ...
... tax policy in Japan using a multi-regional CGE model developed using the GTAP-E database. They particularly analysed welfare decline, competitiveness loss and carbon leakage and concluded that ‘no single policy is superior to the other policies’ in terms of addressing simultaneously all three issues ...
GLOBIO3: A Framework to Investigate Options for Reducing Global
... Direct (D) and indirect (I) according to the definition of the conceptual framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA 2003). A direct driver unequivocally influences ecosystem processes and, therefore, its impact can be identified and measured. The main direct drivers are changes in land co ...
... Direct (D) and indirect (I) according to the definition of the conceptual framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA 2003). A direct driver unequivocally influences ecosystem processes and, therefore, its impact can be identified and measured. The main direct drivers are changes in land co ...
The National Climate Change Response Policy
... • near term implementation of near-term priority flagship programmes, comprising continued implementation of existing successful policies and measures, ensuring policy alignment, and scaling up; • Further researching and developing additional policies and measure for implementing the policy • Rigoro ...
... • near term implementation of near-term priority flagship programmes, comprising continued implementation of existing successful policies and measures, ensuring policy alignment, and scaling up; • Further researching and developing additional policies and measure for implementing the policy • Rigoro ...
Exploring negative territory Carbon dioxide removal and climate
... could go either for surface or ocean deposition. Each storage option has advantages and disadvantages. Carbon sequestered in forests, for example, remains highly vulnerable to natural or human disturbance. Direct intervention in ocean ecosystems stands out as particularly problematic. The ocean cons ...
... could go either for surface or ocean deposition. Each storage option has advantages and disadvantages. Carbon sequestered in forests, for example, remains highly vulnerable to natural or human disturbance. Direct intervention in ocean ecosystems stands out as particularly problematic. The ocean cons ...
Nordic action on climate change
... basis that well-planned efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate climate change while also promoting sustainable economic growth and employment. This decoupling of emissions from ...
... basis that well-planned efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate climate change while also promoting sustainable economic growth and employment. This decoupling of emissions from ...
Downscaling climate change scenarios for apple pest and disease
... Note that assumptions inherent in many climate projections are that the range of model uncertainty is fully sampled by the available model projections, and that systematic model biases do not change with time. These assumptions were also made here (for more details, see Fischer et al., 2011). Despit ...
... Note that assumptions inherent in many climate projections are that the range of model uncertainty is fully sampled by the available model projections, and that systematic model biases do not change with time. These assumptions were also made here (for more details, see Fischer et al., 2011). Despit ...
What controls polar stratospheric temperature trends?
... Arctic summer and fall seasons are close to radiative equilibrium; temperature trends are result of radiative cooling associated with ozone depletion (and increased greenhouse gases) ...
... Arctic summer and fall seasons are close to radiative equilibrium; temperature trends are result of radiative cooling associated with ozone depletion (and increased greenhouse gases) ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""