protozoa -
... lips and sensory papillae or bristles. Fluid in the body cavity distributes nutrients and oxygen-roundworms do not have special respiratory or circulatory systems. Roundworms prey on other invertebrates as well as diatoms, algae, and fungi. They reproduce sexually and larvae undergo at least four mo ...
... lips and sensory papillae or bristles. Fluid in the body cavity distributes nutrients and oxygen-roundworms do not have special respiratory or circulatory systems. Roundworms prey on other invertebrates as well as diatoms, algae, and fungi. They reproduce sexually and larvae undergo at least four mo ...
You`re pregnant - Siamese Cat Rescue Center
... three weeks. Once in the feces, the parasite incubates for one to five days before becoming infectious to others - human or animal - who might ingest it. The parasite can live in the environment for many months and can contaminate any place where the cat may have defecated – soil, water, fruits and ...
... three weeks. Once in the feces, the parasite incubates for one to five days before becoming infectious to others - human or animal - who might ingest it. The parasite can live in the environment for many months and can contaminate any place where the cat may have defecated – soil, water, fruits and ...
EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY INFECTION CONTROL POLICY
... Disposable gowns are to be used during procedures where body fluids may splash. Eye shields are to be worn during procedures where body fluid or debris may make contact with the eyes. Precautions in patient areas to avoid spread of disease. All personnel will wash their hands with appropriate cleans ...
... Disposable gowns are to be used during procedures where body fluids may splash. Eye shields are to be worn during procedures where body fluid or debris may make contact with the eyes. Precautions in patient areas to avoid spread of disease. All personnel will wash their hands with appropriate cleans ...
goat diseases and farm herd-health safety
... zoonotic, which means they pose a threat to man. It is possible that 75% of the emerging and re-emerging pathogens are zoonotic. Therefore, the effect of these diseases on the public’s health must always be considered. In many instances sick animals can serve as a cause of infection for humans. At t ...
... zoonotic, which means they pose a threat to man. It is possible that 75% of the emerging and re-emerging pathogens are zoonotic. Therefore, the effect of these diseases on the public’s health must always be considered. In many instances sick animals can serve as a cause of infection for humans. At t ...
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
... Clinical significance – the diseases caused by Rickettsia are all characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, and usually a rash. Typhus fevers – incubation is 5-18 days. Symptoms include a severe headache, chills, fever, and after a fourth day, a maculopapular rash caused by subcutaneous hemo ...
... Clinical significance – the diseases caused by Rickettsia are all characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, and usually a rash. Typhus fevers – incubation is 5-18 days. Symptoms include a severe headache, chills, fever, and after a fourth day, a maculopapular rash caused by subcutaneous hemo ...
State-Federal diSeaSe eradication ProgramS UPdate
... every couple of months. The high-risk populations at this point are old horses (>20) and any horse with a connection to Mexico, especially racing Quarter Horses. Contingent upon funding, TAHC may consider some creative surveillance programs focusing on those populations in the future to see if we ca ...
... every couple of months. The high-risk populations at this point are old horses (>20) and any horse with a connection to Mexico, especially racing Quarter Horses. Contingent upon funding, TAHC may consider some creative surveillance programs focusing on those populations in the future to see if we ca ...
Pinkeye in Cattle
... late fall, winter, and early spring. This means that pinkeye can be a present during any season of the year. Young cattle are most susceptible to pinkeye as mature cattle have a higher probability of acquired surface immunity. The incubation period is generally 2 to 3 days but can be up to 3 weeks. ...
... late fall, winter, and early spring. This means that pinkeye can be a present during any season of the year. Young cattle are most susceptible to pinkeye as mature cattle have a higher probability of acquired surface immunity. The incubation period is generally 2 to 3 days but can be up to 3 weeks. ...
WHAT IS E.COLI O157?
... • In a small number of cases E.coli O157 infection can be life threatening. • Symptoms normally persist for about 2 weeks, but severe complications, such as those affecting the kidneys, can last much longer. • Most people rid themselves of the bacteria after about 1 week, but some people, particular ...
... • In a small number of cases E.coli O157 infection can be life threatening. • Symptoms normally persist for about 2 weeks, but severe complications, such as those affecting the kidneys, can last much longer. • Most people rid themselves of the bacteria after about 1 week, but some people, particular ...
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Legionella, and Gardnerella
... Single, greatest cause blindness developing countries Infections mainly children (reservoir), infected first three months life Transmission eye-to-eye, direct contact (droplet, hand, clothing, fly) Chronic infection, reinfection common Conjunctival scarring, corneal vascularization Scars contract, u ...
... Single, greatest cause blindness developing countries Infections mainly children (reservoir), infected first three months life Transmission eye-to-eye, direct contact (droplet, hand, clothing, fly) Chronic infection, reinfection common Conjunctival scarring, corneal vascularization Scars contract, u ...
dvmzoo0602_036-39 Bart.r
... with cats that were declawed. As noted above,antimicrobial treatment of infected cats is not guaranteed to clear bacteremia. As such,it should not be considered an effective strategy to prevent CSD in humans. Thorough hand-washing after handling cats should be recommended,particularly for immunosupp ...
... with cats that were declawed. As noted above,antimicrobial treatment of infected cats is not guaranteed to clear bacteremia. As such,it should not be considered an effective strategy to prevent CSD in humans. Thorough hand-washing after handling cats should be recommended,particularly for immunosupp ...
CANINE INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
... laboratory findings. Conclusive diagnosis can be made when two separate blood samples (taken on different days) show a rise in antibody level to ICH virus. Treatment Most dogs infected with ICH will recover with good supportive care. This includes attention to nutrition, fluid intake, nursing care, ...
... laboratory findings. Conclusive diagnosis can be made when two separate blood samples (taken on different days) show a rise in antibody level to ICH virus. Treatment Most dogs infected with ICH will recover with good supportive care. This includes attention to nutrition, fluid intake, nursing care, ...
Disease and Infection Management
... Transmission The most commonly identified sources of human infection are farm animals, mainly cattle, goats and sheep. There are many other identified animal carriers, including marsupials, rodents, birds, fish and arthropods. Infected animals generally do not have any symptoms, but shed the organi ...
... Transmission The most commonly identified sources of human infection are farm animals, mainly cattle, goats and sheep. There are many other identified animal carriers, including marsupials, rodents, birds, fish and arthropods. Infected animals generally do not have any symptoms, but shed the organi ...
Frequently asked questions on Ebola virus disease 1. What is Ebola
... equipment or were not properly applying infection prevention and control measures when caring for the patients. Health-care providers at all levels of the health system – hospitals, clinics, and health posts – should be briefed on the nature of the disease and how it is transmitted, and strictly fol ...
... equipment or were not properly applying infection prevention and control measures when caring for the patients. Health-care providers at all levels of the health system – hospitals, clinics, and health posts – should be briefed on the nature of the disease and how it is transmitted, and strictly fol ...
AVA code of practice for management of hygiene and infection
... at least annually against published material for the control of infection in veterinary workplaces. A senior professional staff member should have responsibility for currency of the plan and inclusion of all staff in the development and application of the procedures to manage risks. 2. Standard Infe ...
... at least annually against published material for the control of infection in veterinary workplaces. A senior professional staff member should have responsibility for currency of the plan and inclusion of all staff in the development and application of the procedures to manage risks. 2. Standard Infe ...
Bioterrorism/Biosecurity Awareness:
... sentinel is an individual in a group or population that is susceptible to a disease being monitored for the appearance of the causative agent (“sentinel”, n.d.). These sentinels can also serve as vectors and spread the disease to large areas in the case of wildlife that can travel long distances, w ...
... sentinel is an individual in a group or population that is susceptible to a disease being monitored for the appearance of the causative agent (“sentinel”, n.d.). These sentinels can also serve as vectors and spread the disease to large areas in the case of wildlife that can travel long distances, w ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.