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L9-rhinitis and coug..
L9-rhinitis and coug..

...  Adhesivness; Steam inhalation Breakdown S-S bonds in glycoproteins by its reducing SH Gp  less viscid mucous; N-Acetyl Cysteine Synthesize serous mucus (sialomucins of smaller-size) so it is secretolytic + activate ciliary clearance & transport; Bromohexine & Ambroxol Cleavage of extracellular ba ...
biologicaleffectsofionizingradiation
biologicaleffectsofionizingradiation

... species such as hydroperoxy free radical does not readily recombine into neutral forms. These more stable forms have a lifetime long enough to migrate to the nucleus where serious damage can occur. ...
Update on Antidepressants
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IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON CARCINOGENESIS
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON CARCINOGENESIS

... Thiruvananthapuram) has recruited 125 000 subjects aged 35 years or more. A casecontrol study within this cohort addressed risk factors for oral pre-cancer. Occupational Exposures Although high occupational exposures to exhaust especially from diesel, and to benzene does increase the risk of some ca ...
Basic Neuroanatomy
Basic Neuroanatomy

... metabolites, though not to the same extent as cocaine Excretion - 17-73% unchanged in the urine with remainder at inactive metabolites, they are detectable for 48 hours Half-life – 10.5 hours ...
What Is the Role of Neurotransmitter Systems in Cortical Seizures?
What Is the Role of Neurotransmitter Systems in Cortical Seizures?

... (Lojková et al., submitted). All up to now studied agonists of glutamate receptors potentiate cortical epileptic afterdischarges but their action is different (Mareš et al. 2002b). Doses of the agonist had to be modified according to the age to have subconvulsant doses of similar potency in all thre ...
Prevention and Treatment of Cancer with Indole-3
Prevention and Treatment of Cancer with Indole-3

... places: either the 2 or 16 carbon atom. These different metabolites have opposing effects on estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, with 16-hydroxyestrone stimulating proliferation and 2-hydroxyestrone showing no effect on cell growth.29 The 16-hydroxyestrone form has a roughly ten-fold gre ...
IPM: A conceptual and practical overview Paul Jepson IPPC
IPM: A conceptual and practical overview Paul Jepson IPPC

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Drug-Induced Liver Injury

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LOSL1_091102_Presentation_to_ETWG

... Model quantifies and demonstrates causeeffect relationships, including feedback processes Model has potential to extend empirical observations in space and time (e.g., compute long-term response from shortterm processes) Model helps in evaluations and forecasts in Adaptive Management ...
Alcoholism and Benzodiazepines
Alcoholism and Benzodiazepines

... compared with one in four of those reared by alcohol-misusing fathers one in three of those reared by alcohol misusing mothers BIOCHEMICAL abnormalities in alcohol dehydrogenase, neurotransmitter substances and brain amino acids, such as GABA – there is no conclusive evidence that these or other bio ...
A Simulation model for Florida Panthers and white
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... component of the Across Trophic Level System Simulation (ATLSS) family of models, with the overall goal of providing a total ecosystem approach to predicting the relative effects of restoration plans on the biotic components of the natural systems of South Florida. The Deer/Panther model was designe ...
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... Test (TG 401), Acute Inhalation Toxicity Test (TG 403), and Acute Dermal Toxicity Test (TG 402). To demonstrate compliance with this requirement, a mixture need not be tested if existing toxicological information demonstrates that each of the ingredients complies. It is assumed that the toxicity of ...
kuliah farmakologi antidepresan
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... ◦ Long acting, irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase ◦ Have been used since the 1950’s but have a controversial past ◦ Has potential for serious side effects and potentially fatal interactions with other drugs and food ◦ MAO is one of two enzymes that break down neurotransmitters 5HT and NE ◦ ...
B26007011
B26007011

... is one billionth of a meter. This new technology is the use of Nanodiamonds having a coat of the drug and proteins that targets the Caner cell in body and destroy the cancerous cells without affecting any normal cell. Nanodiamonds are the diamond crystals less than 100 thousands million of meter in ...
nicotinic receptors
nicotinic receptors

... These are organic esters formed by combination of aromatic acids, tropic acids and complex organic bases (we don't have to memorize this). These are competitive antagonists of muscarinic agonists competing for a common binding site. This means that these are blockers so they'll inhibit the binding o ...
The sexual advantages of our peptide against sildenafil/tadalafil
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... The sexual advantages of our peptide against sildenafil/tadalafil/vardenafil or together with these (A Project by Rose Ltd.) The drug is dosed once intravenally at maximum of 3 -4 times within 6 hours. There is no need to apply the drug in any form within days, weeks, months. In contrast with silden ...
CIELAP – There is No "AWAY" - Canadian Institute for
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... reproduction. Endocrine-disrupting substances or compounds (EDSs or EDCs) can mimic or block the action of natural hormones, or otherwise interfere with hormone production, release, transport, metabolism, or elimination. They include pharmaceuticals such as birth control pills and synthetic hormones ...
Psychopharmacology MS4 - 8th April 2016
Psychopharmacology MS4 - 8th April 2016

... • Often used to compare one drug to another, usually the higher the bioavailability, the better. ...
PWTherepeuticCannabis Fanciullo Slides
PWTherepeuticCannabis Fanciullo Slides

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Relationships Option 2

... parasite to reach its primary host – cats. When a cat catches and eats an infected mouse, the Toxopasma gondii enters its digestive system and steals nutrients from the cat. Humans can become infected by Toxoplasma gondii through contact with cat feces. Scientists now believe that Toxoplasmosis in h ...
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Case-Control Study

... Activation of glutamate-gated chloride channel present in the invertebrate nerve and muscle cells and/or through the effect on GABA receptors  paralysis and death of parasites ...
呼吸系统用药(汤慧芳2015V2)
呼吸系统用药(汤慧芳2015V2)

... • They have no effect on the chronic inflammatory aspects of asthma. ...
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Toxicodynamics



Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.
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