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Lecture 9
Lecture 9

... This marks the Big Bang, or start of the Universe. Currently, science cannot answer what caused this event. But science can describe the universe in detail from 10-43 seconds after the event to the present day! ...
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... unstable forms. As the temperature cooled in the first second, free hydrogen nuclei (atomic mass 1) were formed that could undergo fusion reactions to give heavier forms of hydrogen (atomic mass 2, 3) and helium (atomic mass 3 and 4). The lack of stable nuclei of atomic mass 5 and rapidly dropping t ...
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... •As the temperature exceeds about 10 x 109 K, the typical photons on the blackbody have energy ~ 3 MeV (3 kT). Photons further out on the tail have enough energy (~8 MeV) to begin to rip nuclei apart. The process does not go to completion but about 10% helium by mass is “boiled” out of the iron and ...
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... Temperature of background in opposite directions nearly identical. Yet even light hasn't had time to travel from A to B (only A to Earth), so A can know nothing about conditions at B, and vice versa. So why are A and B almost identical? This is “horizon problem”. ...
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... B. Stated Concept: “On the basis of scientific evidence, the universe is estimated to be over ten billion years old. The current theory is that its entire contents expanded explosively from a hot, dense, chaotic mass. Stars condensed by gravity out of clouds of molecules of the lightest elements unt ...
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Big Bang nucleosynthesis

In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the universe. Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place from 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang, and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe's helium as the isotope helium-4 (4He), along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H or D), the helium isotope helium-3 (3He), and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium-7 (7Li). In addition to these stable nuclei, two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced: the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium (3H or T); and the beryllium isotope beryllium-7 (7Be); but these unstable isotopes later decayed into 3He and 7Li, as above.Essentially all of the elements that are heavier than lithium and beryllium were created much later, by stellar nucleosynthesis in evolving and exploding stars.
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