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... supernova, blasting their chemical creations into space, and seeding the universe for a new generation of stars to grow.  medium mass stars like our Sun puff up to become red giants before sloughing off their outer layers, like snakes shedding their skin, sending newly-formed elements and molecules ...
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absolute brightness: The apparent brightness a star would have if it
absolute brightness: The apparent brightness a star would have if it

... space - "vacuum energy" - which has the properties of a repulsive force. dark halo: A large envelope of dark matter around a galaxy that is postulated to explain the rapid rotation of galaxies and other observations. dark matter : A term used to describe the mass in galaxies and clusters of galaxies ...
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Chronology of the universe



The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe developed over time from the Planck epoch, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The model of the universe's expansion is known as the Big Bang. As of 2015, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago. It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases.
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