Geology and Geomorphology of the European Alps
... in the central segment of the Southern Alps results in uplift in the order of 5–8 mm/y. The topographic expression of the 3000-m mountains in this location reflects only a small part of the total uplift, which is thought to be of the order of 15–20 km (Kamp et al 1989). The modest topographic expres ...
... in the central segment of the Southern Alps results in uplift in the order of 5–8 mm/y. The topographic expression of the 3000-m mountains in this location reflects only a small part of the total uplift, which is thought to be of the order of 15–20 km (Kamp et al 1989). The modest topographic expres ...
Convergent plate margin dynamics
... (Dietz, 1961; Hess, 1962) proposed the concept of seafloor spreading, which stated that seafloor comes into being at mid-oceanic ridges to fill the cracks or voids that are being created by the surrounding seafloor that is moving away in opposite directions on either side of the ocean ridge. This model ...
... (Dietz, 1961; Hess, 1962) proposed the concept of seafloor spreading, which stated that seafloor comes into being at mid-oceanic ridges to fill the cracks or voids that are being created by the surrounding seafloor that is moving away in opposite directions on either side of the ocean ridge. This model ...
Unconventional Isotopes and Approaches
... dissolved Fe2+, suggesting the deep oceans lacked dissolved oxygen. Later δ56Fe values in BIF’s became less variable, perhaps because oxidation of available Fe2+ was more complete. The positive δ56Fe in BIF’s are complimented by negative δ56Fe in black shales and pyrites, consistent with DIR of ferr ...
... dissolved Fe2+, suggesting the deep oceans lacked dissolved oxygen. Later δ56Fe values in BIF’s became less variable, perhaps because oxidation of available Fe2+ was more complete. The positive δ56Fe in BIF’s are complimented by negative δ56Fe in black shales and pyrites, consistent with DIR of ferr ...
The detrital record of orogenesis: A review of approaches and
... The sediment archive, of material eroded from an active tectonic region and stored in adjacent basins, can provide a valuable record of hinterland tectonism especially when information in the source region itself is obscured by later metamorphism or removed by tectonism or erosion. Using the sedimen ...
... The sediment archive, of material eroded from an active tectonic region and stored in adjacent basins, can provide a valuable record of hinterland tectonism especially when information in the source region itself is obscured by later metamorphism or removed by tectonism or erosion. Using the sedimen ...
Drilling Active Tectonics and Magmatism (Volcanics, Geoprisms
... I. INTRODUCTION Forces originating deep within the active Earth are expressed on Earth’s surface, where they have a profound effect on human societies. On a global scale, these effects include the development of mountain ranges and subduction zones. On a local scale, they are expressed as active fau ...
... I. INTRODUCTION Forces originating deep within the active Earth are expressed on Earth’s surface, where they have a profound effect on human societies. On a global scale, these effects include the development of mountain ranges and subduction zones. On a local scale, they are expressed as active fau ...
Geodynamics of the South China Sea
... post-rift volcanism (Fig. 5): continental tilted fault bocks are welldefined from the continental shelf to CMP9000; high lower crustal velocities might correspond to underplating created during rifting as shown on other passive continental margins. Figs. 6 and 7 display MCS profiles MCS689-1 and MGL09 ...
... post-rift volcanism (Fig. 5): continental tilted fault bocks are welldefined from the continental shelf to CMP9000; high lower crustal velocities might correspond to underplating created during rifting as shown on other passive continental margins. Figs. 6 and 7 display MCS profiles MCS689-1 and MGL09 ...
subduction to strike-slip transitions on plate boundaries
... southwestern New Zealand to an intra-oceanic transform boundary on the Puysegur Ridge. The transition region evolved from a continental rift connected with an oceanic spreading system in the Eocene and Oligocene, to its present day strike-slip – trench – strike-slip character. The location of the Al ...
... southwestern New Zealand to an intra-oceanic transform boundary on the Puysegur Ridge. The transition region evolved from a continental rift connected with an oceanic spreading system in the Eocene and Oligocene, to its present day strike-slip – trench – strike-slip character. The location of the Al ...
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... has a wide range of rock types, including some that formed almost 2 billion years ago (Ga). The northern and northeastern portions of the state are covered by relatively horizontal layers of sedimentary units, which formed near continental margins, in shallow seas, or in desert conditions. Portions ...
... has a wide range of rock types, including some that formed almost 2 billion years ago (Ga). The northern and northeastern portions of the state are covered by relatively horizontal layers of sedimentary units, which formed near continental margins, in shallow seas, or in desert conditions. Portions ...
Rhenium–osmium isotope and elemental behaviour during
... and 550–600 °C [11,12]. More recently it has been suggested that peak metamorphic pressures for the Allalin Gabbro may have reached 3.5 GPa [13]. The ‘peak’ of metamorphism in the ZSO is thought to have occurred at 40.6 ± 2.6 Ma from a Sm–Nd mineral isochron for a metabasite in the Lago di Cignana a ...
... and 550–600 °C [11,12]. More recently it has been suggested that peak metamorphic pressures for the Allalin Gabbro may have reached 3.5 GPa [13]. The ‘peak’ of metamorphism in the ZSO is thought to have occurred at 40.6 ± 2.6 Ma from a Sm–Nd mineral isochron for a metabasite in the Lago di Cignana a ...
minerals: the building blocks of rocks
... of ions found at the atomic level (Figure 2.9C) is reflected on a much larger scale in the cubeshaped halite crystals shown in Figure 2.9D. Like halite, all samples of a particular mineral contain the same elements, joined together in the same orderly arrangement. Some elements are able to join toge ...
... of ions found at the atomic level (Figure 2.9C) is reflected on a much larger scale in the cubeshaped halite crystals shown in Figure 2.9D. Like halite, all samples of a particular mineral contain the same elements, joined together in the same orderly arrangement. Some elements are able to join toge ...
The Russian Far East is a territory where young geological
... Cretaceous (formation of volcanoplutonic belts and metallogenic provinces genetically related with them), 2 – Late Cretaceous-Paleogene (formation of the graben belts – epicontinental sedimentary basins), 3 – PaleogeneNeogene (formation of the belt of marginal seas and, first of all, deep-sea basins ...
... Cretaceous (formation of volcanoplutonic belts and metallogenic provinces genetically related with them), 2 – Late Cretaceous-Paleogene (formation of the graben belts – epicontinental sedimentary basins), 3 – PaleogeneNeogene (formation of the belt of marginal seas and, first of all, deep-sea basins ...
Table of Contents - Society of Economic Geologists
... sharply throughout the remainder of the decade. Alaska clearly remains elephant country, as evidenced by the cliscove1y of four world-class ore deposits (Greens Creek, Red Dog, Fort Knox, and Quartz Hill) in the past twenty years. Because of the great mineral potential of the state, we believe this ...
... sharply throughout the remainder of the decade. Alaska clearly remains elephant country, as evidenced by the cliscove1y of four world-class ore deposits (Greens Creek, Red Dog, Fort Knox, and Quartz Hill) in the past twenty years. Because of the great mineral potential of the state, we believe this ...
1.8 Billion Years of Detrital Zircon Recycling Calibrates a
... derived from erosion of older strata within the Cordillera [1], we assume that if sedimentary rocks are eroded, then the main components of the entire age spectrum will be recycled. The portion of the age spectrum greater than 1000 Ma could be inherited from erosion of almost any older strata and so ...
... derived from erosion of older strata within the Cordillera [1], we assume that if sedimentary rocks are eroded, then the main components of the entire age spectrum will be recycled. The portion of the age spectrum greater than 1000 Ma could be inherited from erosion of almost any older strata and so ...
Article
... derived from erosion of older strata within the Cordillera [1], we assume that if sedimentary rocks are eroded, then the main components of the entire age spectrum will be recycled. The portion of the age spectrum greater than 1000 Ma could be inherited from erosion of almost any older strata and so ...
... derived from erosion of older strata within the Cordillera [1], we assume that if sedimentary rocks are eroded, then the main components of the entire age spectrum will be recycled. The portion of the age spectrum greater than 1000 Ma could be inherited from erosion of almost any older strata and so ...
Dynamics of intraoceanic subduction initiation
... overriding oceanic plate was underthrust by a buoyant continental margin, arc, or accretionary wedge, which is typically less than 200 km [McQuarrie and van Hinsbergen, 2013]. After the formation of the crosslithospheric thrust fault/subduction zone that led to their uplift above sea level, ophioli ...
... overriding oceanic plate was underthrust by a buoyant continental margin, arc, or accretionary wedge, which is typically less than 200 km [McQuarrie and van Hinsbergen, 2013]. After the formation of the crosslithospheric thrust fault/subduction zone that led to their uplift above sea level, ophioli ...
Effects of mechanical layering on hydrofracture
... formation of hydrofractures is one of the main mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of permeability, particularly in fluid-filled heterogeneous reservoirs such as those associated with petroleum, groundwater, volcanic, and geothermal fields. Although the dynamics of fluid accumulation and t ...
... formation of hydrofractures is one of the main mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of permeability, particularly in fluid-filled heterogeneous reservoirs such as those associated with petroleum, groundwater, volcanic, and geothermal fields. Although the dynamics of fluid accumulation and t ...
The continent marginal crust characteristic of nothern South China
... seaward direction of the end of shelf (black triangular; Fig.8c), the magnetic data also displays relatively high anomaly curve (frame A) and the value is higher than the values in Fig.8a and Fig.8b. In this profile, the crustal thickness is thinning from ca. 28 km to about 10 km between 140 and 350 ...
... seaward direction of the end of shelf (black triangular; Fig.8c), the magnetic data also displays relatively high anomaly curve (frame A) and the value is higher than the values in Fig.8a and Fig.8b. In this profile, the crustal thickness is thinning from ca. 28 km to about 10 km between 140 and 350 ...
Slab detachment in laterally varying subduction zones: 3D
... (Figure 2b; ∼17 Myr). As oceanic subduction develops, the upper plate subsides and is affected by back-arc extension (Figure 3b; 10–17 Myr). Continental collision initiates after 15 Myr of convergence. After 7 Myr of compression, the subducted continental margin undergoes necking under slab’s negativ ...
... (Figure 2b; ∼17 Myr). As oceanic subduction develops, the upper plate subsides and is affected by back-arc extension (Figure 3b; 10–17 Myr). Continental collision initiates after 15 Myr of convergence. After 7 Myr of compression, the subducted continental margin undergoes necking under slab’s negativ ...
Neotectonic and Paleoseismic Onshore-Offshore integrated study of the Carboneras Fault (Eastern
... displacements at La Serrata. These vertical displacements are the result of compressive structures associated with strike-slip faults such as flower structures or restraining stepovers (Sylvester, 1988). The fault bounding La Serrata to the NW shows a discontinuous pressure-ridge where Pliocene rock ...
... displacements at La Serrata. These vertical displacements are the result of compressive structures associated with strike-slip faults such as flower structures or restraining stepovers (Sylvester, 1988). The fault bounding La Serrata to the NW shows a discontinuous pressure-ridge where Pliocene rock ...
Origin of carbonatites in the South Qinling orogen:
... Many occurrences of carbonatites have now been identified in this part of China; these rocks were emplaced into the deformed southern margin of the North China Block in the LQ and into the northern margin of the South China Block in the SQ. The SQ carbonatites are tectonically confined to the southern ...
... Many occurrences of carbonatites have now been identified in this part of China; these rocks were emplaced into the deformed southern margin of the North China Block in the LQ and into the northern margin of the South China Block in the SQ. The SQ carbonatites are tectonically confined to the southern ...
Evolution of the middle and lower crust during the transition from
... A deeply eroded orogen in southwest New Zealand preserves a record of changing flow patterns in the middle and lower crust during a transition from contraction and crustal thickening to extension and crustal thinning. The New Zealand exposures show that deformation patterns at mid-lower crustal dept ...
... A deeply eroded orogen in southwest New Zealand preserves a record of changing flow patterns in the middle and lower crust during a transition from contraction and crustal thickening to extension and crustal thinning. The New Zealand exposures show that deformation patterns at mid-lower crustal dept ...
Performance Benchmark E
... develop is through the evaporation of water. For example, halite, gypsum, and calcite can all ...
... develop is through the evaporation of water. For example, halite, gypsum, and calcite can all ...
Study Guide
... 4. formed when heat, pressure, or fluids act on other types of rock and affect their composition ...
... 4. formed when heat, pressure, or fluids act on other types of rock and affect their composition ...
The Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (FOSI)
... He also interpreted subducting lithosphere around the Banda arc as a continuous and gravitation-controlled downgoing slab. Hamilton (1979) is one of the earliest publications on the tectonics of the Indonesian region, which provided a valuable foundation for later researchers to work on. Audley-Char ...
... He also interpreted subducting lithosphere around the Banda arc as a continuous and gravitation-controlled downgoing slab. Hamilton (1979) is one of the earliest publications on the tectonics of the Indonesian region, which provided a valuable foundation for later researchers to work on. Audley-Char ...
Algoman orogeny
The Algoman orogeny, known as the Kenoran orogeny in Canada, was an episode of mountain-building (orogeny) during the Late Archean Eon that involved repeated episodes of continental collisions, compressions and subductions. The Superior province and the Minnesota River Valley terrane collided about 2,700 to 2,500 million years ago. The collision folded the Earth's crust and produced enough heat and pressure to metamorphose the rock. Blocks were added to the Superior province along a 1,200 km (750 mi) boundary that stretches from present-day eastern South Dakota into the Lake Huron area. The Algoman orogeny brought the Archaen Eon to a close, about 2,500 million years ago; it lasted less than 100 million years and marks a major change in the development of the earth’s crust.The Canadian shield contains belts of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks formed by the action of metamorphism on volcanic and sedimentary rock. The areas between individual belts consist of granites or granitic gneisses that form fault zones. These two types of belts can be seen in the Wabigoon, Quetico and Wawa subprovinces; the Wabigoon and Wawa are of volcanic origin and the Quetico is of sedimentary origin. These three subprovinces lie linearly in southwestern- to northeastern-oriented belts about 140 km (90 mi) wide on the southern portion of the Superior Province.The Slave province and portions of the Nain province were also affected. Between about 2,000 and 1,700 million years ago these combined with the Sask and Wyoming cratons to form the first supercontinent, the Kenorland supercontinent.