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Connectedness of Ideal Topological Spaces
Connectedness of Ideal Topological Spaces

Introduction to generalized topological spaces
Introduction to generalized topological spaces

Partial Continuous Functions and Admissible Domain Representations
Partial Continuous Functions and Admissible Domain Representations

General Topology - Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw
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COUNTABLE DENSE HOMOGENEITY AND THE DOUBLE ARROW
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On topologies defined by irreducible sets

... is sober) if every closed irreducible set (i.e., a set that is both irreducible and closed) is the closure of a unique singleton. Every sober space is necessarily T0 . The first essential application of sobriety is probably in the characterizing of spaces X which satisfy the following condition: For ...
COUNTABLE DENSE HOMOGENEITY AND λ
COUNTABLE DENSE HOMOGENEITY AND λ

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Introduction to spectral spaces

... Exercise∗ : Suppose C ⊆ Rn is closed and definable. Is C ∈ L ? We approach the question as follows: Let L0 be the lattice of all closed and definable subsets of Rn . So L ⊆ L0 . We want to show ...
A survey of ultraproduct constructions in general topology
A survey of ultraproduct constructions in general topology

... is an isomorphism. Similarly, if Cop is the opposite of the category C (i.e., same objects, arrows reversed), and if Cop is equipped with ultraproducts, then an object of C is called ultracofinite if it is ultrafinite in Cop . In the setting of concrete categories; i.e., those suitably endowed with ...
Compatibility Equations of Nonlinear Elasticity for Non
Compatibility Equations of Nonlinear Elasticity for Non

... compatibility equations will be shown to be equal to N β1 (B), where B is the material manifold, N = dim S (dimension of the ambient space), and β1 (B) is the first Betti number of B , i.e. the dimension of its first homology group with real coefficients H1 (B ; R) or equivalently the rank of its fi ...
RING EPIMORPHISMS AND C(X) - Mathematics and Statistics
RING EPIMORPHISMS AND C(X) - Mathematics and Statistics

Monotone meta-Lindelöf spaces
Monotone meta-Lindelöf spaces

Free full version - topo.auburn.edu
Free full version - topo.auburn.edu

Pro-Aperiodic Monoids via Saturated Models
Pro-Aperiodic Monoids via Saturated Models

Some descriptive set theory 1 Polish spaces August 13, 2008
Some descriptive set theory 1 Polish spaces August 13, 2008

... and let O = σ∈S Nσ . O is open in NN since it is a union of open sets. We claim that φ−1 (B (x)) = O (which suffices to prove that φ is continuous). First we show that O ⊆ φ−1 (B (x)). Consider f ∈ O and fix σ ∈ S such that f ∈ Nσ . Since f ∈ Nσ implies that φ(f ) ∈ Vσ , we have that φ(f ) ∈ B (x ...
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On the construction of new topological spaces from

Zero-pointed manifolds
Zero-pointed manifolds

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Topology Proceedings - topo.auburn.edu
Topology Proceedings - topo.auburn.edu

ON SOMEWHAT β-CONTINUITY, SOMEWHAT β
ON SOMEWHAT β-CONTINUITY, SOMEWHAT β

... Theorem 3.4: A function f : (X, τ) → (Y, σ) is hardly β-open if and only if intβ(f–1(A)) = 0/ for each set A ⊂ Y having the property that intβ(A) = 0/ and A containing a nonempty closed set. Proof: Assume f is hardly β-open. Let A ⊂ Y such that intβ(A) = 0/ and let F be a nonempty closed set contain ...
Article - Fundamental Research and Development
Article - Fundamental Research and Development

DISCONTINUOUS GROUPS AND CLIFFORD
DISCONTINUOUS GROUPS AND CLIFFORD

... 0.5.2, we mention the Auslander conjecture which asserts that the fundamental group π1 of any compact complete affine manifold is virtually solvable (see [Au64], [Mi77], [Ma83] and references therein). In view of Example 0.5.1, this is equivalent to the conjecture that a discrete group Γ is virtually ...
FIBRATIONS AND HOMOTOPY COLIMITS OF
FIBRATIONS AND HOMOTOPY COLIMITS OF

ON P AND WEAKLY-P SPACES M. Khan, T. Noiri and B. Ahmad 1
ON P AND WEAKLY-P SPACES M. Khan, T. Noiri and B. Ahmad 1

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Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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