Comparative Studies on Retroviral Proteases: Substrate Specificity
... branches) appear to be important in determining specificity. The S3 (like S3’) subsite is relatively large, and is partly exposed to solvent at the surface of the enzyme. The P3 side chain may be positioned either to interact with the more polar residues of the PR surface (as shown in Figure 5), or ...
... branches) appear to be important in determining specificity. The S3 (like S3’) subsite is relatively large, and is partly exposed to solvent at the surface of the enzyme. The P3 side chain may be positioned either to interact with the more polar residues of the PR surface (as shown in Figure 5), or ...
minority variants (MVs)
... Prevalence and clinical implications of NRTIand NNRTI-associated minority variant drugresistance mutations in ARV-naïve patients with and without transmitted drug resistance ...
... Prevalence and clinical implications of NRTIand NNRTI-associated minority variant drugresistance mutations in ARV-naïve patients with and without transmitted drug resistance ...
Intrauterine infections
... ascending way – in case of infection entry from vagina, neck of uterus; descending way – in case of infection entry from abdominal cavity through uterine tubes; contacting – in case of localization of the infection source right in the uterine wall, in the placenta. Intranatal – during fetus going th ...
... ascending way – in case of infection entry from vagina, neck of uterus; descending way – in case of infection entry from abdominal cavity through uterine tubes; contacting – in case of localization of the infection source right in the uterine wall, in the placenta. Intranatal – during fetus going th ...
Development of Dot – Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for
... The important immunosuppressive viral infections of poultry viz., infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and chicken anaemia virus (CAV) are paving path for so many other infections. Infection with IBDV causes impaired immune response to many viral infections like Newcastle disease virus [1-2], maki ...
... The important immunosuppressive viral infections of poultry viz., infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and chicken anaemia virus (CAV) are paving path for so many other infections. Infection with IBDV causes impaired immune response to many viral infections like Newcastle disease virus [1-2], maki ...
Isolation and Characterization of BoHV
... seropositive animals. This is the first reported isolate of BoHV-1 in West Bengal and eastern region of India. The low recovery of BoHV-1 from nasal swab was due to the fact that the respiratory problems might have been due to other etiologies rather than viral causes. Since maximal virus replicatio ...
... seropositive animals. This is the first reported isolate of BoHV-1 in West Bengal and eastern region of India. The low recovery of BoHV-1 from nasal swab was due to the fact that the respiratory problems might have been due to other etiologies rather than viral causes. Since maximal virus replicatio ...
Large double-stranded DNA viruses which cause
... similar to those which infect M. pusilla and Chrysochromulina spp. in that they are quite host specific, infecting Bodo sp. but not Pseudobodo parvulus and Paraphysomonas imperforata. Moreover, purified infectious viruses (unpreserved) can be stained with the fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phen ...
... similar to those which infect M. pusilla and Chrysochromulina spp. in that they are quite host specific, infecting Bodo sp. but not Pseudobodo parvulus and Paraphysomonas imperforata. Moreover, purified infectious viruses (unpreserved) can be stained with the fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phen ...
Factors associated with late HIV diagnosis in the North
... particularly important because they unknowing could infect others without realising [2]. Late HIV diagnosis has been associated with increased morbidity [3] and mortality [4], blunted response to ART [5] and increased healthcare costs [6, 7]. Late diagnosis has been identified as a major risk factor ...
... particularly important because they unknowing could infect others without realising [2]. Late HIV diagnosis has been associated with increased morbidity [3] and mortality [4], blunted response to ART [5] and increased healthcare costs [6, 7]. Late diagnosis has been identified as a major risk factor ...
COMMISSION DECISION of 27 February 2004 on measures to
... Article 13(1)(ii) of Directive 2000/29/EC, stating that they have been obtained by means of an appropriate acid extraction method, and: (a) that they originate in areas in which Pepino mosaic virus is known not to occur; or (b) that no symptoms of Pepino mosaic virus have been observed on the plants ...
... Article 13(1)(ii) of Directive 2000/29/EC, stating that they have been obtained by means of an appropriate acid extraction method, and: (a) that they originate in areas in which Pepino mosaic virus is known not to occur; or (b) that no symptoms of Pepino mosaic virus have been observed on the plants ...
Blood-borne Pathogens, Tuberculosis Update, and Infection
... HIV and other retroviruses, once inside a cell, use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA, which can be incorporated into the host cell's genes. ...
... HIV and other retroviruses, once inside a cell, use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA, which can be incorporated into the host cell's genes. ...
Application of Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction for
... of CIAV such as dot blot hybridization (Todd et al., 1992), conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Todd et al., 1992; Oluwayelu and Todd, 2008) and nested PCR (Miller et al., 2003), but they may be inappropriate to quantify the viral load for pathogenesis studies and evaluate the viral yield, ...
... of CIAV such as dot blot hybridization (Todd et al., 1992), conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Todd et al., 1992; Oluwayelu and Todd, 2008) and nested PCR (Miller et al., 2003), but they may be inappropriate to quantify the viral load for pathogenesis studies and evaluate the viral yield, ...
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
... to virus-infected blood. Four recipients of organs from a donor who had unrecognized disseminated LCMV infection sustained severe disease and three succumbed. The source of donor infection was traced to a pet hamster that was not overtly ill. LABORATORY SAFETY The agent may be present in blood, CSF, ...
... to virus-infected blood. Four recipients of organs from a donor who had unrecognized disseminated LCMV infection sustained severe disease and three succumbed. The source of donor infection was traced to a pet hamster that was not overtly ill. LABORATORY SAFETY The agent may be present in blood, CSF, ...
Mathematical Approaches in the Study of Viral Kinetics and Drug
... the infectivity parameter, β, in the model provides an infection rate averaged over the total population of infectious and non-infectious viruses. If there is need to keep track of diversity or specific individual variants (e.g. wild type and drug-resistant forms, see below), the virus load equation ...
... the infectivity parameter, β, in the model provides an infection rate averaged over the total population of infectious and non-infectious viruses. If there is need to keep track of diversity or specific individual variants (e.g. wild type and drug-resistant forms, see below), the virus load equation ...
Infectious Disease Boogies
... flu like syndrome, body aches, etc…which pass within a few days. The ELISA test is negative at this time. • Incubation – 3 months to one year, where the virus enters other cells, but no symptoms are present. This is when sero-conversion occurs. • Reproduction – For a period of 2 to 6 years, the viru ...
... flu like syndrome, body aches, etc…which pass within a few days. The ELISA test is negative at this time. • Incubation – 3 months to one year, where the virus enters other cells, but no symptoms are present. This is when sero-conversion occurs. • Reproduction – For a period of 2 to 6 years, the viru ...
The Substantia Nigra is a Major Target for Neurovirulent Influenza A
... as the causative agent of encephalitis lethargica, in which there is chronic progressive parkinsonism, because of the concurrence of that condition with the 1918-1928 influenza pandemic (7-9). An increased risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease in individuals born during that influenza pa ...
... as the causative agent of encephalitis lethargica, in which there is chronic progressive parkinsonism, because of the concurrence of that condition with the 1918-1928 influenza pandemic (7-9). An increased risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease in individuals born during that influenza pa ...
Study of Biologic Attributes of Cuban Dengue 2 Virus after Serial
... at present, but it is expensive, has only a temporary benefit, and has been ineffective in controlling disease when not maintained. Prevention through vaccination is an important objective; however, in spite of multiple studies, no effective vaccine is available, and more basic studies are needed.’ ...
... at present, but it is expensive, has only a temporary benefit, and has been ineffective in controlling disease when not maintained. Prevention through vaccination is an important objective; however, in spite of multiple studies, no effective vaccine is available, and more basic studies are needed.’ ...
Autoimmune computer virus
... Some viruses go after the databases stored by anti-virus products. Some viruses simply go after anti-virus products, trying to erase them.» David Stang – Fighting Computer Virus Infection through Auto-Immune Responses - Applying Principles of Life to Anti-Virus Technology http://vx.netlux.org/lib/ad ...
... Some viruses go after the databases stored by anti-virus products. Some viruses simply go after anti-virus products, trying to erase them.» David Stang – Fighting Computer Virus Infection through Auto-Immune Responses - Applying Principles of Life to Anti-Virus Technology http://vx.netlux.org/lib/ad ...
characterization of isolated avian influenza virus
... New epidemic of influenza strains arise every 1 to 2 years by the introduction of selected point mutations within two surface glycoproteins: HA and NA. The new variants are able to elude host defenses and there is, therefore, no lasting immunity against the virus, neither after natural infection nor ...
... New epidemic of influenza strains arise every 1 to 2 years by the introduction of selected point mutations within two surface glycoproteins: HA and NA. The new variants are able to elude host defenses and there is, therefore, no lasting immunity against the virus, neither after natural infection nor ...
Ruling Out Novel H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection with Direct
... H1N1 disease in Boston, Massachusetts, we found that we were able to effectively rule out novel H1N1 infection in symptomatic adults using DFA testing, which is a rapid, relatively lowcost, and commercially available method. Even before optimization of criteria for specimen adequacy, the negative pr ...
... H1N1 disease in Boston, Massachusetts, we found that we were able to effectively rule out novel H1N1 infection in symptomatic adults using DFA testing, which is a rapid, relatively lowcost, and commercially available method. Even before optimization of criteria for specimen adequacy, the negative pr ...
preparation of monoclonal antibodies against infectious
... Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems have been developed for detection and quantitation of ILTV-specific antibodies using purified whole virus as an antigen (Meulemans and Halen, 1982, York and Fahey, 1988). After immunization of mice with purified ILT virus antigen, the humoral immune response ...
... Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems have been developed for detection and quantitation of ILTV-specific antibodies using purified whole virus as an antigen (Meulemans and Halen, 1982, York and Fahey, 1988). After immunization of mice with purified ILT virus antigen, the humoral immune response ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... Management of hepatitis B in patients infected with HIV is complicated not only by the differences in natural history but also by other issues such as the activity of several drugs against both viruses and development of drug-resistant HIV and HBV variants. The course of acute HBV may be modified in ...
... Management of hepatitis B in patients infected with HIV is complicated not only by the differences in natural history but also by other issues such as the activity of several drugs against both viruses and development of drug-resistant HIV and HBV variants. The course of acute HBV may be modified in ...
Molecular evolution of a viral non
... results, which were very similar to those obtained with A. thaliana transgenic plants, ...
... results, which were very similar to those obtained with A. thaliana transgenic plants, ...
REVIEW ARTICLE The Biology of Coronaviruses
... nucleocapsid precursor of 50000 to 60000 mol. wt. Kinetic experiments indicate that a large intracellular pool of this polypeptide is built up during infection, probably corresponding to the nucleocapsid structures which accumulate in some cells. For MHV, the matrix precursor polypeptide is synthesi ...
... nucleocapsid precursor of 50000 to 60000 mol. wt. Kinetic experiments indicate that a large intracellular pool of this polypeptide is built up during infection, probably corresponding to the nucleocapsid structures which accumulate in some cells. For MHV, the matrix precursor polypeptide is synthesi ...
The True Meaning of Trismus
... HIV & HCV Co-Infection • Genetic Heterogeneity • HIV & HCV are single stranded RNA viruse with lack of DNA proof reading mechanisms • Leads to genetically distinct viral variants called quasi-species • HIV: each and every possible single-point mutation occurs from 104 to 105 times per day • HCV: Ra ...
... HIV & HCV Co-Infection • Genetic Heterogeneity • HIV & HCV are single stranded RNA viruse with lack of DNA proof reading mechanisms • Leads to genetically distinct viral variants called quasi-species • HIV: each and every possible single-point mutation occurs from 104 to 105 times per day • HCV: Ra ...
Linköping University Post Print An unbiased metagenomic search for infectious
... disease [19] and co-infection might improve the course of HIV-1 disease [20]. A prior small study of 12 CFS cases and 21 controls concluded that chronic GBV-C infection was not associated with CFS [21]. The lack of GBV-C positive individuals among the unaffected twins is could at first glance be see ...
... disease [19] and co-infection might improve the course of HIV-1 disease [20]. A prior small study of 12 CFS cases and 21 controls concluded that chronic GBV-C infection was not associated with CFS [21]. The lack of GBV-C positive individuals among the unaffected twins is could at first glance be see ...
HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.