- Gastroenterology
... 1a (4 of the mothers were drug users). Thirty-three (27.9%) treated patients achieved a sustained virologic response. Conclusions: Over the course of a decade, few children with chronic HCV infection cleared viremia spontaneously, and those who did were more likely to have genotype 3. Persistent vir ...
... 1a (4 of the mothers were drug users). Thirty-three (27.9%) treated patients achieved a sustained virologic response. Conclusions: Over the course of a decade, few children with chronic HCV infection cleared viremia spontaneously, and those who did were more likely to have genotype 3. Persistent vir ...
Milestones in the discovery of virus
... Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – (See AIDS section) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus may be passed from one person to another when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected person’s broken skin or mucous mem ...
... Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – (See AIDS section) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus may be passed from one person to another when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected person’s broken skin or mucous mem ...
Unusual cases of hepatitis B virus transmission in the Community
... belief that their child has no risk of ever coming in contact with the virus. “My child will never be promiscuous or addicted to drugs. Why does he or she need to be protected against hepatitis B?” Of course, it is impossible to predict which children will grow up and engage in risky behavior. But l ...
... belief that their child has no risk of ever coming in contact with the virus. “My child will never be promiscuous or addicted to drugs. Why does he or she need to be protected against hepatitis B?” Of course, it is impossible to predict which children will grow up and engage in risky behavior. But l ...
Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus
... The existence of adequate health care infrastructure is a prerequisite for eliminating an infectious disease. Health related development assistance has increased over the past decade as funding for HIV scale-up has had knock on effects on funding for other health related programmes e.g. malaria. Maj ...
... The existence of adequate health care infrastructure is a prerequisite for eliminating an infectious disease. Health related development assistance has increased over the past decade as funding for HIV scale-up has had knock on effects on funding for other health related programmes e.g. malaria. Maj ...
Xenotransplantation — A special case of One Health
... can infect humans in general or whether a minimal amount of virus (threshold) is required, it remains unclear how sensitive the detection methods should be. On the other hand, despite using sensitive methods, PCMV was not detected in the blood of two donor pigs, but later in the blood of two non-hum ...
... can infect humans in general or whether a minimal amount of virus (threshold) is required, it remains unclear how sensitive the detection methods should be. On the other hand, despite using sensitive methods, PCMV was not detected in the blood of two donor pigs, but later in the blood of two non-hum ...
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD): A review emphasizing on Iran perspective
... therefore more susceptible to other infections (Moennig and Liess, 1995). However, the calves receiving colostrum achieve a passive immunity against BVDV (Bolin and Ridpath, 1995). The maternal antibodies in calve can be detected within few hours after the first meal, and the level is declined at a ...
... therefore more susceptible to other infections (Moennig and Liess, 1995). However, the calves receiving colostrum achieve a passive immunity against BVDV (Bolin and Ridpath, 1995). The maternal antibodies in calve can be detected within few hours after the first meal, and the level is declined at a ...
Bovine Leukosis Virus Update II: Impact on Immunity and Disease
... of the “memory” of certain lymphocytes, acquired immune responses can be augmented by repeated exposure to a particular pathogen [3]. Vaccination of cattle against certain pathogens can occur if acquired immune mechanisms are effectively activated. Whereas it is convenient to discuss the highly comp ...
... of the “memory” of certain lymphocytes, acquired immune responses can be augmented by repeated exposure to a particular pathogen [3]. Vaccination of cattle against certain pathogens can occur if acquired immune mechanisms are effectively activated. Whereas it is convenient to discuss the highly comp ...
Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus
... virus (IBDV) segments A and B of 50 natural or vaccine IBDV strains that were isolated or produced between 1972 and 2002 in 17 countries from four continents, with phenotypes ranging from attenuated to very virulent (vv). These strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on pa ...
... virus (IBDV) segments A and B of 50 natural or vaccine IBDV strains that were isolated or produced between 1972 and 2002 in 17 countries from four continents, with phenotypes ranging from attenuated to very virulent (vv). These strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on pa ...
Latent infection by bovine herpesvirus type-5 in
... is the hallmark of the infection by viruses belonging to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae (Roizman, 1992). Viral reactivation and shedding may occur under certain induced or naturally occuring stimuli and provide adequate means for viral transmission and spread (Davies and Duncan, 1974; Pastoret and ...
... is the hallmark of the infection by viruses belonging to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae (Roizman, 1992). Viral reactivation and shedding may occur under certain induced or naturally occuring stimuli and provide adequate means for viral transmission and spread (Davies and Duncan, 1974; Pastoret and ...
hiv
... Antiretroviral treatment The major goal of antiretroviral treatment scale-up is to reduce HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis case-fatality rates (proportion of patients dying while on antituberculous treatment) in Africa are 16–35% in HIV-positive cases not receiving antiretroviral ...
... Antiretroviral treatment The major goal of antiretroviral treatment scale-up is to reduce HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis case-fatality rates (proportion of patients dying while on antituberculous treatment) in Africa are 16–35% in HIV-positive cases not receiving antiretroviral ...
3. The expanding range of parvoviruses which infect humans.
... of animals, including birds and insects. At least four different types of parvovirus are now known to infect humans: dependoviruses, human bocaviruses (HuBoV), parvovirus B19 (B19V) and Parv4. Although these viruses look similar under the electron microscope (Figure 1) they are members of different ...
... of animals, including birds and insects. At least four different types of parvovirus are now known to infect humans: dependoviruses, human bocaviruses (HuBoV), parvovirus B19 (B19V) and Parv4. Although these viruses look similar under the electron microscope (Figure 1) they are members of different ...
Treatment of Swine Flu
... 2-Antigenic drift where minor changes due to mutations in RNA genome. The animal viruses are the sources of the RNA segments that encoded the antigenic shift variants that cause epidemics among human , for example if avian and human influenza A infected the same cell (RTI) reassortment could occur a ...
... 2-Antigenic drift where minor changes due to mutations in RNA genome. The animal viruses are the sources of the RNA segments that encoded the antigenic shift variants that cause epidemics among human , for example if avian and human influenza A infected the same cell (RTI) reassortment could occur a ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Biochemistry and Immunology of Infectious
... The genome of IBDV consists of two pieces of high Mr dsRNA that sediment as 14S components in sucrose gradients (Mfilter et al., 1979; Todd & McNulty, 1979). IBDV dsRNA is resistant to RNase degradation at high molarities of salts (Spies et al., 1987). Other properties of IBDV RNA consistent with a ...
... The genome of IBDV consists of two pieces of high Mr dsRNA that sediment as 14S components in sucrose gradients (Mfilter et al., 1979; Todd & McNulty, 1979). IBDV dsRNA is resistant to RNase degradation at high molarities of salts (Spies et al., 1987). Other properties of IBDV RNA consistent with a ...
EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE
... For individuals, who are recovering from Ebola virus disease, PCR testing is also used to determine when a patient can be discharged from hospital setting. In some cases, testing for IgM or IgG antibodies to Ebola virus may also be useful to monitor the immune response over time and/or evaluate fo ...
... For individuals, who are recovering from Ebola virus disease, PCR testing is also used to determine when a patient can be discharged from hospital setting. In some cases, testing for IgM or IgG antibodies to Ebola virus may also be useful to monitor the immune response over time and/or evaluate fo ...
The Concept of Virus
... of the genetic material of the phage is not necessarily followed by a disease. The bacterium can be lysogenized as the result of an ‘infection’ and remain healthy. Should the penetration of the genetic material be described as an infection or not depending on the fate of the bacterium? When scrutini ...
... of the genetic material of the phage is not necessarily followed by a disease. The bacterium can be lysogenized as the result of an ‘infection’ and remain healthy. Should the penetration of the genetic material be described as an infection or not depending on the fate of the bacterium? When scrutini ...
The Concept of Virus
... of the genetic material of the phage is not necessarily followed by a disease. The bacterium can be lysogenized as the result of an ‘infection’ and remain healthy. Should the penetration of the genetic material be described as an infection or not depending on the fate of the bacterium? When scrutini ...
... of the genetic material of the phage is not necessarily followed by a disease. The bacterium can be lysogenized as the result of an ‘infection’ and remain healthy. Should the penetration of the genetic material be described as an infection or not depending on the fate of the bacterium? When scrutini ...
Effect of osmotic pressure on the production of retroviral vectors
... Contract grant numbers: QLK3-CT-2002-01949; POCTI SFRHBD31282000 ...
... Contract grant numbers: QLK3-CT-2002-01949; POCTI SFRHBD31282000 ...
04-05-2015-RRA-Zika virus-South America, Brazil - ECDC
... ZIKV diagnosis is primarily based on detection of viral RNA from clinical specimens. The viraemic period is considered to be short, allowing for direct virus detection only during the first three to five days after onset of symptoms [3,30]. Specific assays have been published for Asian and African Z ...
... ZIKV diagnosis is primarily based on detection of viral RNA from clinical specimens. The viraemic period is considered to be short, allowing for direct virus detection only during the first three to five days after onset of symptoms [3,30]. Specific assays have been published for Asian and African Z ...
Viral haemorrhagic fevers in South Africa
... CCHF is one of the most widely distributed VHFs, and has been described from more than 30 countries worldwide.[12] These include central, south-western and south-eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa including SA, and more recently Malaysia.[12,13] The virus is typically ubiquitous in cattle-farmi ...
... CCHF is one of the most widely distributed VHFs, and has been described from more than 30 countries worldwide.[12] These include central, south-western and south-eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa including SA, and more recently Malaysia.[12,13] The virus is typically ubiquitous in cattle-farmi ...
Document
... guidelines for optimal use of these methods and their interpretation are required. This poster summarises the consensus statement of the European guidelines group on clinical management of tropism testing. The recommendations of the panel comprise clinical indications for tropism testing, selection ...
... guidelines for optimal use of these methods and their interpretation are required. This poster summarises the consensus statement of the European guidelines group on clinical management of tropism testing. The recommendations of the panel comprise clinical indications for tropism testing, selection ...
Amelioration of chicken infectious anaemia virus induced
... recombinant (r)-DNA vaccine and immune complex vaccine have been recently reported to be protective (SCHAT, 2009; DHAMA et al., 2008). As with other viral infections, there is no specific therapeutic approach for the treatment of CIA infected birds; however, broad spectrum antibiotics are generally ...
... recombinant (r)-DNA vaccine and immune complex vaccine have been recently reported to be protective (SCHAT, 2009; DHAMA et al., 2008). As with other viral infections, there is no specific therapeutic approach for the treatment of CIA infected birds; however, broad spectrum antibiotics are generally ...
CBP's Powerpoint template for scientific posters
... unknown. However, some reports suggest that the VP2 protein may be responsible for virion stability [1]. Why this area should be highly variable among strains will require further investigation. Inside the relatively conserved ORF1, the N-terminal protein and the p20 (“3A-like”) protein show the hig ...
... unknown. However, some reports suggest that the VP2 protein may be responsible for virion stability [1]. Why this area should be highly variable among strains will require further investigation. Inside the relatively conserved ORF1, the N-terminal protein and the p20 (“3A-like”) protein show the hig ...
Prediction of the next highly pathogenic avian influenza pandemic
... see Fig. 3). Regarding the Aichi/2-MA/1968(H3N2) subtype, a -37U → A mutation in HA 5′-UTR increased the energy from 0.13 to 3.02 kcal; a -35U → A mutation resulted in an energy of 3.44 kcal; a -16G → C mutation resulted in an energy of 3.2 kcal; and a -35U → A and -16G → C double mutation resulted ...
... see Fig. 3). Regarding the Aichi/2-MA/1968(H3N2) subtype, a -37U → A mutation in HA 5′-UTR increased the energy from 0.13 to 3.02 kcal; a -35U → A mutation resulted in an energy of 3.44 kcal; a -16G → C mutation resulted in an energy of 3.2 kcal; and a -35U → A and -16G → C double mutation resulted ...
Q5A(R1)
... definitive. Since the most appropriate techniques may change with scientific progress, proposals for alternative techniques, when accompanied by adequate supporting data, may be acceptable. Manufacturers are encouraged to discuss these alternatives with the regulatory authorities. Other tests may be ...
... definitive. Since the most appropriate techniques may change with scientific progress, proposals for alternative techniques, when accompanied by adequate supporting data, may be acceptable. Manufacturers are encouraged to discuss these alternatives with the regulatory authorities. Other tests may be ...
the extent of population exposure to assess clinical safety
... definitive. Since the most appropriate techniques may change with scientific progress, proposals for alternative techniques, when accompanied by adequate supporting data, may be acceptable. Manufacturers are encouraged to discuss these alternatives with the regulatory authorities. Other tests may be ...
... definitive. Since the most appropriate techniques may change with scientific progress, proposals for alternative techniques, when accompanied by adequate supporting data, may be acceptable. Manufacturers are encouraged to discuss these alternatives with the regulatory authorities. Other tests may be ...
HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.