Incorporating Transmission Into Causal Models
... For each of the infections, 3 scenarios were modeled, each scenario making different assumptions about the mechanisms leading to an increased risk of incident acute lower respiratory infection in malnourished children. The scenarios were chosen to highlight the difference between individual and tran ...
... For each of the infections, 3 scenarios were modeled, each scenario making different assumptions about the mechanisms leading to an increased risk of incident acute lower respiratory infection in malnourished children. The scenarios were chosen to highlight the difference between individual and tran ...
Tenacity of mammalian viruses in the gut of leeches fed with porcine
... Leech therapy is currently considered to be of high therapeutic value in medicine. However, feeding leeches with fresh animal blood during the maintenance and reproduction phase bears the risk of transmission of zoonotic viruses to the patient. We hypothesize that this would be abolished by subjecti ...
... Leech therapy is currently considered to be of high therapeutic value in medicine. However, feeding leeches with fresh animal blood during the maintenance and reproduction phase bears the risk of transmission of zoonotic viruses to the patient. We hypothesize that this would be abolished by subjecti ...
hepatitis b - Viral Hepatitis Action Coalition
... that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Hepatitis is most often caused by a virus. In the United States, the most common types of viral hepatitis are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Heavy alco ...
... that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Hepatitis is most often caused by a virus. In the United States, the most common types of viral hepatitis are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Heavy alco ...
Heatley-ZoonosesOfWildlife
... Gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), California ground squirrels, San Joachin antelope ground squirrels, ...
... Gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), California ground squirrels, San Joachin antelope ground squirrels, ...
Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa
... and are sensitive to sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and other disinfectants [12,13]. Freezing or refrigeration will not inactivate Ebola viruses [14,15]. The incubation period (the period between infection and first symptoms) is usually four to ten days but can be as short as two days and as long as 2 ...
... and are sensitive to sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and other disinfectants [12,13]. Freezing or refrigeration will not inactivate Ebola viruses [14,15]. The incubation period (the period between infection and first symptoms) is usually four to ten days but can be as short as two days and as long as 2 ...
Swine Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection
... Respiratory protection: All healthcare personnel who enter the rooms of patients in isolation with confirmed, suspected, or probable novel H1N1 influenza should wear a fit-tested disposable N95 respirator or better. Respiratory protection should be donned when entering a patient’s room. Note that th ...
... Respiratory protection: All healthcare personnel who enter the rooms of patients in isolation with confirmed, suspected, or probable novel H1N1 influenza should wear a fit-tested disposable N95 respirator or better. Respiratory protection should be donned when entering a patient’s room. Note that th ...
Genetic variation and molecular epidemiology of infectious
... exhibiting depression and without vaccination. We consider that infection might be multifactorial. An assumption is that the virus transmitted via neighbor backyard chickens or free range birds next to the farm. The isolate L/Nk3251/56 was recovered from a 240-day-old layer with history of vaccinati ...
... exhibiting depression and without vaccination. We consider that infection might be multifactorial. An assumption is that the virus transmitted via neighbor backyard chickens or free range birds next to the farm. The isolate L/Nk3251/56 was recovered from a 240-day-old layer with history of vaccinati ...
Flu Facts
... still be beneficial since most influenza activity occurs in January or later in most years. Though it varies, flu season can last as late as May. ...
... still be beneficial since most influenza activity occurs in January or later in most years. Though it varies, flu season can last as late as May. ...
Shingles - Snohomish Health District
... Shingles is a localized infection due to the same virus (varicella) that causes chickenpox. It occurs only in people who have had chickenpox in the past, or rarely in someone who has had the chickenpox vaccine, and is due to a reactivation of the chickenpox virus. Why the virus reactivates in some i ...
... Shingles is a localized infection due to the same virus (varicella) that causes chickenpox. It occurs only in people who have had chickenpox in the past, or rarely in someone who has had the chickenpox vaccine, and is due to a reactivation of the chickenpox virus. Why the virus reactivates in some i ...
Potential ecological and epidemiological factors
... Wild boar densities can vary markedly, both spatially and temporally, depending on factors such as habitat composition, hunting management and density of populations after farrowing in spring. Density is strongly linked to the availability of high-energy foods such as mast in many natural areas whe ...
... Wild boar densities can vary markedly, both spatially and temporally, depending on factors such as habitat composition, hunting management and density of populations after farrowing in spring. Density is strongly linked to the availability of high-energy foods such as mast in many natural areas whe ...
Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations
... as those associated with voltage-gated potassium channels and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies,8–11 is unclear. Encephalitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. An estimated 700 cases of viral encephalitis www.thelancet.com/infection Vol 10 December 2010 ...
... as those associated with voltage-gated potassium channels and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies,8–11 is unclear. Encephalitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. An estimated 700 cases of viral encephalitis www.thelancet.com/infection Vol 10 December 2010 ...
Student Version Chapter 5 Preventing infection
... Define the following terms: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a government agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that issues information to protect the health of individuals and communities. Isolate to keep something separate, or by itself. Standard Precaution ...
... Define the following terms: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a government agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that issues information to protect the health of individuals and communities. Isolate to keep something separate, or by itself. Standard Precaution ...
The molecular basis of herpes simplex virus latency
... then stimulates IE transcription and the HSV-1 lytic gene cascade is initiated. VP16 is however not essential for IE gene expression as mutants lacking the VP16 transactivation function can enter the lytic cycle, although with much reduced efficiency, particularly following low multiplicity infectio ...
... then stimulates IE transcription and the HSV-1 lytic gene cascade is initiated. VP16 is however not essential for IE gene expression as mutants lacking the VP16 transactivation function can enter the lytic cycle, although with much reduced efficiency, particularly following low multiplicity infectio ...
An Introduction to the Viruses
... firsthand the agents of many bacterial, fungal, and protozoan diseases. But the techniques for observing and cultivating these relatively large microorganisms were useless for viruses. For many years, the cause of viral infections such as smallpox and polio was unknown, even though it was clear that ...
... firsthand the agents of many bacterial, fungal, and protozoan diseases. But the techniques for observing and cultivating these relatively large microorganisms were useless for viruses. For many years, the cause of viral infections such as smallpox and polio was unknown, even though it was clear that ...
Volume 26 - No 5: Fusarium
... Microconidia are formed on long or short unbranched conidiophores. They are 1,2 or 3 celled, smooth, hyaline, ovoid to cylindrical, and arranged in balls or occasionally chains. The diagnosis of Fusarium is based on macroscopic and microscopic features including colony color, macroconidia length and ...
... Microconidia are formed on long or short unbranched conidiophores. They are 1,2 or 3 celled, smooth, hyaline, ovoid to cylindrical, and arranged in balls or occasionally chains. The diagnosis of Fusarium is based on macroscopic and microscopic features including colony color, macroconidia length and ...
Flu Facts
... Stomach symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, also can occur but are more common in children than adults ...
... Stomach symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, also can occur but are more common in children than adults ...
Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNAs that induce similar symptoms
... symptoms in other host plant species (Roossinck et al., 1992; Garcı́a-Arenal & Palukaitis, 1999). Much attention has been directed at understanding the mechanisms by which some satRNA genotypes induce a systemic necrosis in tomato plants, but not in other host species (Taliansky et al., 1998; Xu & R ...
... symptoms in other host plant species (Roossinck et al., 1992; Garcı́a-Arenal & Palukaitis, 1999). Much attention has been directed at understanding the mechanisms by which some satRNA genotypes induce a systemic necrosis in tomato plants, but not in other host species (Taliansky et al., 1998; Xu & R ...
WHO Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures
... common than in Europe, and it is possible that other agents (e.g. hepatitis E virus) would be significant in other geographical settings depending on their prevalence in the donor population. Other examples include cytomegalovirus and human T lymphotropic virus I and II (HTLV I + II) which are stron ...
... common than in Europe, and it is possible that other agents (e.g. hepatitis E virus) would be significant in other geographical settings depending on their prevalence in the donor population. Other examples include cytomegalovirus and human T lymphotropic virus I and II (HTLV I + II) which are stron ...
Projected spread of Zika virus in the Americas
... driven by temperature, the vector distribution, and socioeconomic factors, among other variables. (Additional details are provided in the Materials and Methods.) In Fig. 3 we plot R0 in a number of areas at different times throughout the year. Equatorial regions experience less seasonality than non- ...
... driven by temperature, the vector distribution, and socioeconomic factors, among other variables. (Additional details are provided in the Materials and Methods.) In Fig. 3 we plot R0 in a number of areas at different times throughout the year. Equatorial regions experience less seasonality than non- ...
Preventing hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection
... highest risk CHD and CLD Higher rates and durations of hospitalization and more intensive care unit admissions occur in RSV-infected children with CHD or CLD compared with healthy term infants. A common recommendation has been to offer palivizumab to children up to 24 months of age at the start of R ...
... highest risk CHD and CLD Higher rates and durations of hospitalization and more intensive care unit admissions occur in RSV-infected children with CHD or CLD compared with healthy term infants. A common recommendation has been to offer palivizumab to children up to 24 months of age at the start of R ...
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (Hantaviruses)
... usual parasites of wild rodents and insectivores. Many species worldwide are infected with these viruses and each Hantavirus type is carried by its own type specific rodent species. Human transmission occurs accidentally by inhalation of aerosolized virus containing particles, contact with urine, fe ...
... usual parasites of wild rodents and insectivores. Many species worldwide are infected with these viruses and each Hantavirus type is carried by its own type specific rodent species. Human transmission occurs accidentally by inhalation of aerosolized virus containing particles, contact with urine, fe ...
Polio - Interhealth
... Polio is spread by person-to-person contact and only affects humans. Transmission most often occurs through contact with faeces from an infected person and less commonly via cough and sneeze droplets. It can be contracted by eating or drinking contaminated food or water, swimming in dirty water or b ...
... Polio is spread by person-to-person contact and only affects humans. Transmission most often occurs through contact with faeces from an infected person and less commonly via cough and sneeze droplets. It can be contracted by eating or drinking contaminated food or water, swimming in dirty water or b ...
Rapid risk assessment: Zika virus
... As of August 11, 2016, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) has reported 205 cases of travelassociated ZIKV infection in Canada, with two cases of sexual transmission and two cases of fetal infection. As of August 9, 2016, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) reported 117 ...
... As of August 11, 2016, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) has reported 205 cases of travelassociated ZIKV infection in Canada, with two cases of sexual transmission and two cases of fetal infection. As of August 9, 2016, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) reported 117 ...
The Use of Intravenous Palivizumab for Treatment of Persistent RSV... in Children With Leukemia
... cell transplant recipients who had RSV infection. We present 2 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and persistent RSV infection while receiving chemotherapy. Patient A is a 4-year-old male with Down syndrome, ALL, and persistent RSV infection for at least 3 months. Patient B is a 3-year-o ...
... cell transplant recipients who had RSV infection. We present 2 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and persistent RSV infection while receiving chemotherapy. Patient A is a 4-year-old male with Down syndrome, ALL, and persistent RSV infection for at least 3 months. Patient B is a 3-year-o ...
Lack of evidence of infectious salmon anemia virus
... al. 2001) tested positive for the virus weeks after intraperitoneal injection. Brown trout and sea trout have been proposed as long-term carriers. Sea trout tested positive by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for the virus at 135 d postinfection (Devold et al. 2000), and ...
... al. 2001) tested positive for the virus weeks after intraperitoneal injection. Brown trout and sea trout have been proposed as long-term carriers. Sea trout tested positive by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for the virus at 135 d postinfection (Devold et al. 2000), and ...
Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes known as the winter vomiting bug in the UK, is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans. It affects people of all ages. The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolization of the virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. The virus affects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these deaths are usually in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, projectile vomiting, malodorous watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within a couple of days. Norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines, but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents.After infection, immunity to norovirus is usually incomplete and temporary, with one publication drawing the conclusion that protective immunity to the same strain of norovirus lasts for six months, but that all such immunity is gone after two years. Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities, such as long-term care facilities, overnight camps, hospitals, schools, prisons, dormitories, and cruise ships, where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus, the only species of the genus. The species causes approximately 90% of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, and may be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States.