Diffusion: Molecular Transport across Membranes
... As you know the process of diffusion moves substances down a concentration gradient, from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Diffusion is an important process for moving molecules over short distances such as the size of a cell. Each cell is surrounded by a selectively pe ...
... As you know the process of diffusion moves substances down a concentration gradient, from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Diffusion is an important process for moving molecules over short distances such as the size of a cell. Each cell is surrounded by a selectively pe ...
Pancreatic stellate cells can form new β-like cells
... β-cells may one day become available for therapeutic trials. So, where does this leave the elusive adult pancreatic stem cell? There is a perception that such a cell would have important therapeutic implications. If it were present in biopsied material and could be induced to proliferate and differe ...
... β-cells may one day become available for therapeutic trials. So, where does this leave the elusive adult pancreatic stem cell? There is a perception that such a cell would have important therapeutic implications. If it were present in biopsied material and could be induced to proliferate and differe ...
``Self-Assisted`` Amoeboid Navigation in Complex Environments
... detects the chemoattractant concentration (color coded from blue-low to red-high) and moves accordingly. (a) With low noise, i.e. narrow noise distribution, the cell path is highly accurate. (b) With higher noise, i.e. wider noise distribution, the cell wanders around and its path is less accurate. ...
... detects the chemoattractant concentration (color coded from blue-low to red-high) and moves accordingly. (a) With low noise, i.e. narrow noise distribution, the cell path is highly accurate. (b) With higher noise, i.e. wider noise distribution, the cell wanders around and its path is less accurate. ...
Membrane Potential and the Action Potential
... point is called the potassium equilibrium potential (Ek+). Because the movements of ions is governed by physical laws, the equilibrium potential for potassium can be calculated if you know the concentration of potassium across the membrane. The equation that takes into account the physical laws that ...
... point is called the potassium equilibrium potential (Ek+). Because the movements of ions is governed by physical laws, the equilibrium potential for potassium can be calculated if you know the concentration of potassium across the membrane. The equation that takes into account the physical laws that ...
The Kip3-Like Kinesin KipB Moves along Microtubules and
... subsequent distribution of the two daughter nuclei is dependent on cytoplasmic dynein, MTs, and cortex-associated proteins (26, 28, 39, 40). MTs emanate from the spindle pole body and grow towards the cortex. Several proteins which are delivered to the cortex and in turn mediate contact between astr ...
... subsequent distribution of the two daughter nuclei is dependent on cytoplasmic dynein, MTs, and cortex-associated proteins (26, 28, 39, 40). MTs emanate from the spindle pole body and grow towards the cortex. Several proteins which are delivered to the cortex and in turn mediate contact between astr ...
Document
... CULTURE MEDIA = defined as growth media suitable for the in- vitro cell culturing of human or animal cells and the composition of components are ...
... CULTURE MEDIA = defined as growth media suitable for the in- vitro cell culturing of human or animal cells and the composition of components are ...
Glycoside Hydrolase Activities in Cell Walls of Sclerenchyma Cells
... Therefore, five different pH values, between pH 5.0 and pH 7.0, were tested for each substrate (Table 1). The highest signal was typically observed when the pH was slightly acidic (6.0–6.5), likely reflecting a compromise between resorufin ionization and enzyme activity, with the exception of Glc-S- ...
... Therefore, five different pH values, between pH 5.0 and pH 7.0, were tested for each substrate (Table 1). The highest signal was typically observed when the pH was slightly acidic (6.0–6.5), likely reflecting a compromise between resorufin ionization and enzyme activity, with the exception of Glc-S- ...
Exam 6-8 Review Sheet
... vii) Know the effects that solutions of varying tonicities will have on red blood cells or plant cells. ...
... vii) Know the effects that solutions of varying tonicities will have on red blood cells or plant cells. ...
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor KRP6 Induces Mitosis and
... Its Overexpression Leads to Multinucleated Cells in Arabidopsis Cell Cultures To study the dynamics of KRP6 protein localization during mitotic progression, we generated Arabidopsis cell cultures coexpressing 35S:GFP-KRP6 and 35S:RFP-TUA2, a microtubule marker (Figure 3). During time-lapse analysis ...
... Its Overexpression Leads to Multinucleated Cells in Arabidopsis Cell Cultures To study the dynamics of KRP6 protein localization during mitotic progression, we generated Arabidopsis cell cultures coexpressing 35S:GFP-KRP6 and 35S:RFP-TUA2, a microtubule marker (Figure 3). During time-lapse analysis ...
Programmed cell death in plant development
... elimination. Moreover, the same terms have been used for different processesor features or vice versa. The pioneers, KERR et al. (1972), defined a distinct form of programmed cell death as apoptosis and described characteristic markers of this process in animal ...
... elimination. Moreover, the same terms have been used for different processesor features or vice versa. The pioneers, KERR et al. (1972), defined a distinct form of programmed cell death as apoptosis and described characteristic markers of this process in animal ...
central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis encodes a kinesin
... and are necessary for completion of cytokinesis (Eckley et al. 1997; Earnshaw and Cook 1991), whereas TD-60 forms a disc structure in the position of the metaphase plate anticipating the cleavage plane (Andreassen et al. 1991). This disc is proposed to link the central spindle to the cell cortex (Ma ...
... and are necessary for completion of cytokinesis (Eckley et al. 1997; Earnshaw and Cook 1991), whereas TD-60 forms a disc structure in the position of the metaphase plate anticipating the cleavage plane (Andreassen et al. 1991). This disc is proposed to link the central spindle to the cell cortex (Ma ...
TRANSFER CELL WALL ARCHITECTURE IN SECRETORY HAIRS
... Fineran (1985) used transmission electron microscopy and high-voltage transmission electron microscopy to produce the first description of well-developed wall ingrowths in pedestal cells of quadrifids and bifids in U. monanthos J. D. Hook. In this species, the wall ingrowths arise mainly from the in ...
... Fineran (1985) used transmission electron microscopy and high-voltage transmission electron microscopy to produce the first description of well-developed wall ingrowths in pedestal cells of quadrifids and bifids in U. monanthos J. D. Hook. In this species, the wall ingrowths arise mainly from the in ...
The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid
... are categorized based on whether or not energy is required. Passive (non-energy requiring) transport is the movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy. During this type of transport, materials move by simple diffusion or by facilitated diffusion through the ...
... are categorized based on whether or not energy is required. Passive (non-energy requiring) transport is the movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy. During this type of transport, materials move by simple diffusion or by facilitated diffusion through the ...
Promotive effect of brassinosteroids on cell division involves a
... Progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated at two points, the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. Transition through these points is controlled by distinct families of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose activities are determined by co-ordinated binding of different types of cyclins (Pines, ...
... Progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated at two points, the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. Transition through these points is controlled by distinct families of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose activities are determined by co-ordinated binding of different types of cyclins (Pines, ...
Microbial Cell Surfaces and Secretion Systems
... The Sec translocon contains a narrow channel and exports delineated proteins. Some proteins need to be exported in a folded conformation, for example because they bind a co-factor in the cytoplasm. These proteins are exported via the Tat system (Kudva et al. 2013). Tat stands for twin-arginine trans ...
... The Sec translocon contains a narrow channel and exports delineated proteins. Some proteins need to be exported in a folded conformation, for example because they bind a co-factor in the cytoplasm. These proteins are exported via the Tat system (Kudva et al. 2013). Tat stands for twin-arginine trans ...
Constitutive caspase-like machinery executes programmed cell
... HR is a common feature of many resistant reactions, it is not an obligatory component.11,14,15 Challenging tomato or tobacco varieties with the ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) elicitor causes rapid induction of different types of plant defense responses, including HR.16 ± 18 Recent accumulating evi ...
... HR is a common feature of many resistant reactions, it is not an obligatory component.11,14,15 Challenging tomato or tobacco varieties with the ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) elicitor causes rapid induction of different types of plant defense responses, including HR.16 ± 18 Recent accumulating evi ...
S1 Topic 8 The Basic Structure of a Cell
... With the aid of PowerPoint slides, the teacher introduces the various types of cell and functions of the basic cell structures. As some of the functions are quite abstract, the teacher may use examples to help students understand the meanings. Where necessary, further diagrams should be used as illu ...
... With the aid of PowerPoint slides, the teacher introduces the various types of cell and functions of the basic cell structures. As some of the functions are quite abstract, the teacher may use examples to help students understand the meanings. Where necessary, further diagrams should be used as illu ...
A commentary on the G2/M transition of the plant cell cycle
... Francis — The G2/M transition of the plant cell cycle Based on a detailed analysis of CDKs at G2/M it might be that there are molecular circuits in plants which regulate the G2/M transition in the absence of the classic phosphoregulatory mechanisms exhibited by all other eukaryotes (Dissmeyer et al ...
... Francis — The G2/M transition of the plant cell cycle Based on a detailed analysis of CDKs at G2/M it might be that there are molecular circuits in plants which regulate the G2/M transition in the absence of the classic phosphoregulatory mechanisms exhibited by all other eukaryotes (Dissmeyer et al ...
The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm
... o Uses short wavelength, high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light o Fluorescence – the ability to absorb short wavelengths of light (UV)and give off that energy as the longer wavelength (visible) of light o Fluorochromes – fluorescent dyes – stain specimens o Fluorescent-antibody technique – antibodies ca ...
... o Uses short wavelength, high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light o Fluorescence – the ability to absorb short wavelengths of light (UV)and give off that energy as the longer wavelength (visible) of light o Fluorochromes – fluorescent dyes – stain specimens o Fluorescent-antibody technique – antibodies ca ...
8DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis
... Like all organisms, bacteria and archaea transmit DNA from generation to generation as they reproduce. In prokaryotes, reproduction occurs by binary fission, an asexual process that replicates DNA and distributes it (along with other cell parts) into two daughter cells (figure 8.7). Each prokaryotic ...
... Like all organisms, bacteria and archaea transmit DNA from generation to generation as they reproduce. In prokaryotes, reproduction occurs by binary fission, an asexual process that replicates DNA and distributes it (along with other cell parts) into two daughter cells (figure 8.7). Each prokaryotic ...
Cells and Their Structures
... mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration occurs; known as the "powerhouse" of the cell because this is the organelle where the ATP that powers the cell is produced. nuclear envelope A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus; helps regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the nucle ...
... mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration occurs; known as the "powerhouse" of the cell because this is the organelle where the ATP that powers the cell is produced. nuclear envelope A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus; helps regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the nucle ...
Neurons and Nerves
... Figure 01b shows the three parts of the neurons: dendrite(s), cell body, and axon. A dendrites conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body, the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles. An axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. There are three types of neurons: ...
... Figure 01b shows the three parts of the neurons: dendrite(s), cell body, and axon. A dendrites conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body, the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles. An axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. There are three types of neurons: ...
Materials and Methods
... Effects of glycosylation on protein targeting to different membrane domains in polarized cells are still controversial. In epithelial cells, studies showed that Nglycans might serve as apical sorting signals for membrane proteins (Fiedler et al., 1995; Scheiffele et al., 1995). Early studies in hepa ...
... Effects of glycosylation on protein targeting to different membrane domains in polarized cells are still controversial. In epithelial cells, studies showed that Nglycans might serve as apical sorting signals for membrane proteins (Fiedler et al., 1995; Scheiffele et al., 1995). Early studies in hepa ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.