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rajiv gandhi university of health sciences, karnataka
rajiv gandhi university of health sciences, karnataka

... 3. Evaluation of the in-vitro passive permeability studies of the drug through porcine ear skin using Franz diffusion cell. 4. Evaluation of the effects of constant current of 0.5mA/cm2 on the permeability of drug for iontophoretic delivery. 5. Evaluation of the permeation effects the drug under int ...
Drugs Used in Treatment of Major Rheumatic Diseases. (therapeutic
Drugs Used in Treatment of Major Rheumatic Diseases. (therapeutic

... severe/ resistant to topical treatments), cancer, Crohn’s disease ...
Approach to Poisonings
Approach to Poisonings

... – Stimulates Gastric Receptors linked to the CNS vomiting center – Emesis within 20 minutes – 80% after a single dose – 99% after two doses – Vomiting persists for 1 – 2 hours and may delay use of oral antidotes and treatments ...
Quarter 1 Mnemonics
Quarter 1 Mnemonics

... Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension) Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash Indomethacin inhibition Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity ...
L07.OTC - ISpatula
L07.OTC - ISpatula

... maintenance therapy is needed , which is defined as the lowest effective dose of the acid suppressor treatment , and so , hypothetically , if a patient is on a standard dose of omeprazole and he or she wanted to stop it , then the patient is faced with two options , either lower the dose of ppi , or ...
Monday5/9
Monday5/9

... of 3:1 ratios, and develops a 4 part HYPOTHESIS: 3. If the two alleles differ, then one, the DOMINANT allele, controls the phenotype; the other, the RECESSEVE allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance. 4. The two alleles from each character segregate during gamete production (Men ...
Antifungals - Website of Neelay Gandhi
Antifungals - Website of Neelay Gandhi

... a. Presynaptic inhibition- Release of Ach diminishes and contraction “fades” b. Postsynaptic inhibition- Blocks Ach at receptor. This is a competitive block therefore increased Ach can reverse this. Depolarizing-Competitive agonist that binds to and activates the NMJ receptor but inactivates it by k ...
Outcomes-Based Drug Coverage in British Columbia
Outcomes-Based Drug Coverage in British Columbia

... (Celecoxib Long-Term Arthritis Safety Study) trial—submitted as evidence of celecoxib’s comparative therapeutic value—had been misleading.17 The published report summarized two trials that were much longer than described in the published article.18 On review of the full trial data, obtained from the ...
Antidepressants: Update on New Agents and Indications
Antidepressants: Update on New Agents and Indications

... See page 441 for definitions of strength-ofevidence levels. ...
Genetics - John E. Silvius, Senior Professor Emeritus of Biology
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U.S. FDA approves RADICAVA™ (edaravone) for the treatment of ALS
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... was approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in April 2001 as a treatment agent for the acute stage of cerebral infarction. In Japan, it is being marketed under the product name RADICUT®. Edaravone has the effect of scavenging free radicals that arise accompanying cerebral ischemia, con ...
Pharmacologic treatment of acute agitation in the pediatric population
Pharmacologic treatment of acute agitation in the pediatric population

... calmed down and was asleep within 15 minutes. Patient no longer required any PRN medications and was discharged after continued improvement in behavior for 2 months. iii. Case 3 described a 12 year old male with diagnoses including oppositional defiant disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and bipo ...
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... particularly after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents) or in renal diseases. This agent is the drug of choice in those with a history of kidney stones or if the creatinine clearance is less than 50 mL/day. Pharmacokinetics: Allopurinol is completely absorbed after oral administration. The primar ...
Thai FDA - cri.or.th
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... The Drug Company can get information about the FDA Thailand approval process for selling a drug by going to the FDA Thailand homepage www.fda.moph.go.th or by contacting directly the Drug Control division of FDA Thailand Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi Thailand. Briefly, the process of drug app ...
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... 7.1 Chromosomes and Phenotype Work the following problem: • Huntington’s disease is a rare, but not uncommon, disease that is caused by a dominant allele. Suppose that two parents are crossed one that is heterozygous for Huntington’s and one that is homozygous recessive. What is the chance that the ...
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... New alleles can arise by mutation or gene duplication Mutations are changes in DNA nucleotide sequence Only mutations in germ line cells passed to offspring Many mutations are silent due to redundancy or changes in non-coding regions Some mutations are harmful, some may be beneficial ...
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... A change in a gene or chromosome. ...
Hypertension
Hypertension

... renin levels (but this condition is rare)  Still effective in hypertensive patients with normal or even low levels of renin  Useful for treating hypertension associated with other cardiovascular risk factors, like heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarctions, diabetes, and kidney disease ...
Review of ADHD Pharmacotherapies: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Clinical Pearls
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... stimulants include a lower potential for abuse, longlasting therapeutic effects, and the fact that it is not a controlled substance. Disadvantages: The efficacy of atomoxetine seems to be less than that of the stimulants. In one metaanalysis,8 atomoxetine’s effect size was 0.62, in comparison to 0.9 ...
THE HORMESIS OF NAGAPARPAM IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PYELONEPHRITIC MICE Research Article
THE HORMESIS OF NAGAPARPAM IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PYELONEPHRITIC MICE Research Article

... negatively charged bacterial cell wall [22], due to which it has been commonly used as a component of fungicidal treatment and as a preservative to prevent bacterial and fungal growth [23]. The entry and re-colonization of the bacteria in the lipid rafts of the urothelium leads to the recurrence of ...
November 2014 PBAC Meeting
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... The submission stated that patients who carry the HLA-B*5701 allele are at high risk for experiencing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir. The estimated prevalence of the allele is 5.6% (Mallal et al 2008). Patients are screened for HLA-B*5701 prior to initiating therapy with abacavir or abacavi ...
FDA`s Efforts to Encourage Biomarker Development and Qualification
FDA`s Efforts to Encourage Biomarker Development and Qualification

... A conclusion that within a carefully and specifically stated “context of use” the biomarker has been demonstrated to reliably support a specified manner of interpretation and application in drug development Context of use: “Context of use” is a comprehensive statement that fully and clearly describe ...
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Genetics

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1 Empirical Evidence on the Value of Pharmaceuticals Craig

... nonfatal MI by 25%, all-cause mortality by 16%, and CHD mortality by 23%. Several other clinical trials and meta-analyses have also demonstrated the effect of statins on lowering cholesterol, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality (Gould et al., 1998). While statins are now the recommended t ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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