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Strategies after the failure of the first anti-tumor necrosis factor
Strategies after the failure of the first anti-tumor necrosis factor

... later, patients who had received 10 mg/kg had showed a better response than those who had received 3 mg/kg, although neither radiographic progression nor the occurrence of adverse events were statistically different between groups. At week 54 the trough serum levels of infliximab were positively corr ...
Genetic distance between the Polish Red, Czech Red and
Genetic distance between the Polish Red, Czech Red and

... KEY WORDS: cattle / genetic distance / microsatellite sequences / polymorphism / protein coding genes ...
Definition of artemisinin resistance
Definition of artemisinin resistance

...  prevalence of ≥ 5% of infections with strains containing Kelch 13 resistance mutations if the patients carrying these mutants also have persistent parasitaemia by microscopy on day 3 or a peripheral blood parasite half‐life ≥ 5 hours following adequate treatment with artemisinin‐based combination ...
extensively metabolized by the liver. Tizanidine is
extensively metabolized by the liver. Tizanidine is

... dysfunction such as unexplained nausea, anorexia or tiredness. Treatment with Maxlax should not be discontinued if serum levels of SGPT of SGOT are persistently above 3-times the upper limit of the normal range. Special precaution for use: In patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance < ...
Adaptation and speciation: what can Fst tell us?
Adaptation and speciation: what can Fst tell us?

... Examples include the study of local crypsis in response to bird predation in the snail Cepaea nemoralis [9] and the peppered moth Biston betularia [10]. The genetics of adaptation was largely eclipsed during the 1980s and 1990s by an interest in the possibility of recovering the historical demograph ...
A NEW TOPICAL FLUCONAZOLE MICROSPONGE LOADED HYDROGEL: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION  Research Article
A NEW TOPICAL FLUCONAZOLE MICROSPONGE LOADED HYDROGEL: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Research Article

... Invasive fungal infections can be devastating, especially in immunocompromized patients. Oral administration of fluconazole (FLZ) often produces gastric irritation, heart-burn, vomiting and sometimes patient can develop ulceration resulting in a less patient compliance with long term therapy. The ai ...
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- Wiley Online Library
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Novel Detoxification from Opiates
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Phosphodiesterase 4-targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases R E V I E W
Phosphodiesterase 4-targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases R E V I E W

... An open-label, single-arm pilot study investigated the biological and clinical effects of oral apremilast 20 mg once daily in patients with severe plaque-type psoriasis. Of the 19 patients enrolled, 17 completed the study. Of the 19 subjects, 14 (73.7%) showed improvement in their Psoriasis Area and ...
Making a Killing
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... Before a new drug can proceed to human clinical trials, regulatory authorities require that it be tested in two mammalian species – one rodent and one non-rodent – to demonstrate, in theory at least, its safety and effectiveness. Although beagles have traditionally been the most common non-rodent sp ...
Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic study of Cefadroxil
Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic study of Cefadroxil

... Volunteers were Pakistani, male, age ranges from 18 to 38 years. Body weight can deviate from average body weight by 10%. They should be healthy deprived of sign/symptoms of any clinical condition and medical history of chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension. They should not be allergic to bet ...
PATO - Buffalo Ontology Site
PATO - Buffalo Ontology Site

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Table 2. Dosing of Selected Enteral Contrast Agents
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LECTURE 2: MENDEL`S LAWS and EXTENSIONS TO MENDEL
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... If Y-R- is YyRr, then all four combinations occur with equal probability (1:1:1:1). Bottom line of Independent Assortment: During Meiosis I, different alleles of two genes on different chromosomes will move to opposite poles independently of one another. - Only true for genes that lie on different c ...
AGS BEERS Criteria
AGS BEERS Criteria

... n Implicit criteria such as the STOPP/START criteria and Medication Appropriateness Index should be used in a complementary manner with the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria to guide clinicians in making decisions about safe medication use in older adults. The criteria are not applicable in all circumstances ...
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... stability programs should be designed to focus on product attributes that are critical to activity and safety. This again points to the importance of having meaningful and reliable potency assay(s). There are advantages to developing physicochemical methods as stability indicators because they are u ...
PowerPoint Chapter 5
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... • The majority of drug metabolism, or biotransformation, takes place in the liver. • In general, drug metabolism in infants is much slower than that in older children and adults. • Until 3 to 4 years of age, children have the ability to increase production of liver enzymes. • Neonates have a decreas ...
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... important role at short diffusional time and for polar molecules. The drugs which penetrate directly through the intact stratum corneum enter by transcellular or intercellular permeation. The relative importance of these alternatives is influenced by various physiochemical characteristics of the pen ...
Imatinib mesylate-related fatal acute hepatic failure in a patient with
Imatinib mesylate-related fatal acute hepatic failure in a patient with

... for HBV flare cannot be established on the basis of one case report. Furthermore, while there have been reports of immunosuppression related to imatinib therapy,(14,15) preclinical data suggests that there is no increased risk ...
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... There are also more major mutations, where large fragments of DNA can be translocated to a different chromosome. Abnormal chromosome numbers can also occur, so instead of two copies there may be three copies. Because this alters the number of alleles of genes for certain proteins, this can have majo ...
Steroids - Ms. McLean`s Classroom
Steroids - Ms. McLean`s Classroom

ppt - Chair of Computational Biology
ppt - Chair of Computational Biology

... the remaining k-1 subsets as training set respectively. This gives you an average error from the k QSAR equations. In practice k = 10 has shown to be reasonable (= 10-fold cross validation) 6th lecture ...
Toxicology Common poisonings and Drugs of Abuse
Toxicology Common poisonings and Drugs of Abuse

... 2000 BC, the leaves of the cocoa plant (Erythroxylon coca) were chewed for treatment of various ailments ophthalmologist Karl Koller introduced cocaine as an effective local anesthetic for eye surgery Sigmund Freud, wrote extensively on the psychoactive properties of cocaine Following these revelati ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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