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GENETICS
GENETICS

... Test Cross: When the genotype of a parent is unknown, the parent is crossed with a recessive individual. For example: In rabbits, brown fur is dominant to white fur. A rabbit has brown fur, but you don’t know if the alleles are homozygous or heterozygous. Do a test cross --- cross it with a homozygo ...
Oral Routes of Administration
Oral Routes of Administration

... active ingredient. IV infusion is an excellent method for systemic delivery of large quantities of material.  Rapidly diluted in the bloodstream. IV injections and infusions can deliver a higher dose of medication to the target site.  Important in serious illnesses. ...
viva question
viva question

... In CBA consequences are measured in terms of the total cost associated with a program where both cost and consequences are measured in monetary terms ...
Understanding Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Addiction
Understanding Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Addiction

... Fine muscle coordination Reaction time ...
Urine Drug Testing in Pain Medicine
Urine Drug Testing in Pain Medicine

... Up to 30 days in chronic users (mean value ⫽ 14 days) ...
The Narcotics Monitoring System (NMS) and Opioid Maintenance
The Narcotics Monitoring System (NMS) and Opioid Maintenance

... The alert warnings from the NMS are for information only, not rejections, and as such, there is no requirement to "override". Hence, there is need for education and involvement of other pharmacy staff in the process. They should be advised not to ignore any warnings and to provide information to the ...
Evolutionary Mechanisms
Evolutionary Mechanisms

... adaptations if near fishless populations ...


... tissue where they promote a foreign body giant-cell reaction [1]. It is not clear why panlobular emphysema develop in these patients. Cigarette smoking is present in virtually all cases reported but usually leads to centrilobular emphysema [1, 2, 5]. The drugs could be responsible, but several diffe ...
Assessment
Assessment

...  Identify infectious agents or other factors responsible for inflammation or pain  Assess for LOC and pain before and after administration. Planning: Patient Goals and Expected Outcomes The patient will:  Report pain relief or a reduction in pain intensity.  Demonstrate understanding of the drug ...
name of institution
name of institution

... granatum L. gel had greater efficiency in inhibiting microbial adherence than the miconazole. The results of this study suggest that this phototherapeutic agent ...
Urine Drug Testing Guide
Urine Drug Testing Guide

... of substance abuse or addiction. Physicians must use their best clinical judgment to interpret the results of a UDT and consult with the laboratory toxicologist if there are any doubts. Interpretation of UDTs is complex and interpreting falsely in either direction could have significant harmful cons ...
ipratropium (i-pra-troe-pee-um) - DavisPlus
ipratropium (i-pra-troe-pee-um) - DavisPlus

Focusing on the Roots of Nicotine Addiction
Focusing on the Roots of Nicotine Addiction

... drink, smoke or inject themselves with a drug(s) of abuse even though doing so causes them serious problems. Others are able to limit or avoid use of these harmful substances well before they become abusers or addicts. To clarify the role that genes play in predetermining those individuals who are m ...
Trinucleotide repeats ataxia - Genetics in the 3rd millennium
Trinucleotide repeats ataxia - Genetics in the 3rd millennium

... environmental risk factors. Mitochondrial D-loop sequencing results showed that the rate of D-loop variations was higher in FA patients than controls (P<0.05). MtDNA deletions were present in 76% of our patients representing mtDNA damage which may be due to iron accumulation in mitochondria. Synonym ...
L8-drugs affecting breast milk and lactation
L8-drugs affecting breast milk and lactation

...  Lactating mother should take medication just after nursing and 3-4 hours before the next feeding. (to allow time for drug to be cleared from the mother’s blood – drug concentration in milk will be low). ...
Basic Genetics Notes
Basic Genetics Notes

... • Different versions of the same gene. – You have 2 copies of the same gene – One copy from Mom and one copy from Dad. – Alleles can either be dominant or recessive – You can get a dominant or a recessive from either ...
Homologous Pairs- Pairs of chromosomes with the same genes on
Homologous Pairs- Pairs of chromosomes with the same genes on

... • Alleles on the same chromosome are often inherited together. • The closer the genes are to each other on a chromosome the more likely they are to be inherited together. • Alleles that are far apart can be separated by crossing over. ...
Principles of Heredity
Principles of Heredity

... Each sex cell (egg or sperm) of the parent organism (plant or animal) contains onehalf of the genetic material needed to create a new organism. ...
21 Viagra
21 Viagra

... and pesticides led the World Health Organization (WHO) to predict that malaria would soon be eradicated. By 1959, Garrett writes in The Coming Plague, the Harvard School of Public Health was so certain that the disease was passé that its curriculum didn’t offer a single course on the subject. Resist ...
Introduction to clinical trials
Introduction to clinical trials

... Definition of a clinical trial A research activity that involves administration of a test treatment to some experimental unit in order to evaluate the treatment. ...
DRUG OF ABUSE
DRUG OF ABUSE

... – Decrease response to drug, necessitating larger doses to achieve the same effect. – This can result from increased disposition of the drug (metabolic tolerance), an ability to compensate for the effect of a drug (behavioral tolerance), or changes in receptor or effector systems involved in drug ac ...
Micromedex 临床暨循证医药学数据库
Micromedex 临床暨循证医药学数据库

... 3. You are provided with a drug consult that addresses the most recent guidelines for treating nausea and vomiting. 4. These guidelines are used as the standard of care for cancer patients and offer factual information on the incidence of nausea and vomiting due to various chemotherapeutic agents as ...
orthopaedic pharmacology
orthopaedic pharmacology

... opioids are pain-relieving medications used to treat moderate to severe pain. These medications PATIENT ON CHRONIC PRE OP NARCOTICS can have side effects as well as serious negative physiological and psychological effects. The risks of complications and side effects increase when used with other med ...
Chapter 18- Unit 1 Commonly prescribed medications Hydrocodone
Chapter 18- Unit 1 Commonly prescribed medications Hydrocodone

... and bronchi (3) Spread by droplet airborne infection (4) Incubation is from one to three days (5) Symptoms are the sudden onset of fever, sore throat, cough, muscle aches, weakness, and general malaise (6) Treatment is bed rest, increased fluid intake, antipyretics, antibiotics, and analgesics (7) C ...
What is a drug - William Ellis School
What is a drug - William Ellis School

... Used to increase the amount of urine produced causing rapid weight loss in sports where performers are required to compete within strict weight boundaries, e.g. boxers or jockeys. Diuretics may also be taken in an attempt to reduce the concentration of any other banned substance that may be present ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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