apex predators enable coexistence
... method, and social stability [5,37,38,40]. Apex predators play a unique ecological role because they hunt large prey, have slow life cycles, and maintain large territories and low densities [41–43]. Their loss can result in population irruptions of mesopredators [44], that can reach much higher dens ...
... method, and social stability [5,37,38,40]. Apex predators play a unique ecological role because they hunt large prey, have slow life cycles, and maintain large territories and low densities [41–43]. Their loss can result in population irruptions of mesopredators [44], that can reach much higher dens ...
Quantifying the Contribution of Organisms to the Provision of
... Ecosystem changes in space and time resulting from the effects of external and internal forces on ecosystem processes. Synonymous with ecosystem function. The interactions among biotic and abiotic elements of ecosystems that lead to a certain result (adapted from Wallace 2007). The organism(s) that ...
... Ecosystem changes in space and time resulting from the effects of external and internal forces on ecosystem processes. Synonymous with ecosystem function. The interactions among biotic and abiotic elements of ecosystems that lead to a certain result (adapted from Wallace 2007). The organism(s) that ...
Closure as a scientific concept and its application to
... colder reservoirs. The term equilibrium is used in many fields to describe time independent steady states. This usage is confusing because equilibrium has such a precise meaning in classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. We would suggest that the word equilibrium be restricted to those fie ...
... colder reservoirs. The term equilibrium is used in many fields to describe time independent steady states. This usage is confusing because equilibrium has such a precise meaning in classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. We would suggest that the word equilibrium be restricted to those fie ...
Community Ecology, BIOL 7083 – Fall 2003
... Arizona. V. Biomass, production, and diversity along the elevation gradient. Ecology ...
... Arizona. V. Biomass, production, and diversity along the elevation gradient. Ecology ...
Invasion of exotic species
... prevent the introduction of a potentially harmful species, or eradicates it early in the process of establishment. As one prominent invasion biologist Daniel Simberloff (2003) puts it: ‘because of their population growth and dispersal abilities, introduced species are one target of resource manageme ...
... prevent the introduction of a potentially harmful species, or eradicates it early in the process of establishment. As one prominent invasion biologist Daniel Simberloff (2003) puts it: ‘because of their population growth and dispersal abilities, introduced species are one target of resource manageme ...
Notes - Population Ecology
... • Habitat use = each organism thrives in certain habitats, but not in others (non-random patterns) • Habitat selection = the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live - availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organism’s well-being - human development conflict ...
... • Habitat use = each organism thrives in certain habitats, but not in others (non-random patterns) • Habitat selection = the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live - availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organism’s well-being - human development conflict ...
CHAPTER 9 POPULATION ECOLOGY Objectives
... 8. How can a population overshoot its carrying capacity, and what are the consequences of doing this? 9. Distinguish between density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect a population’s size, and give an example of each. 10. Distinguish among stable, irruptive, irregular, and cyclic ...
... 8. How can a population overshoot its carrying capacity, and what are the consequences of doing this? 9. Distinguish between density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect a population’s size, and give an example of each. 10. Distinguish among stable, irruptive, irregular, and cyclic ...
Exam #1 Practice Questions
... C) The population will show an Allee effect. D) The population will increase exponentially. E) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase. Answer: B ...
... C) The population will show an Allee effect. D) The population will increase exponentially. E) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase. Answer: B ...
Process and ontological priorities in evolution
... processes. The dynamics of ecosystems, for example, can be seen to rest upon a set of fundamental postulates corresponding to the attributes of processes. Mutuality stands at the ontological core of this perspective, known as “process ecology”. By comparison, competition is seen to be accidental and ...
... processes. The dynamics of ecosystems, for example, can be seen to rest upon a set of fundamental postulates corresponding to the attributes of processes. Mutuality stands at the ontological core of this perspective, known as “process ecology”. By comparison, competition is seen to be accidental and ...
Is Infectious Disease Just Another Type of Predator
... other types of predator-prey interactions studied by community ecologists? Could parasitism and predation be combined into a unifying model? After all, parasites and predators both convert energy and nutrients contained in their resources (hosts or prey, respectively) into new biomass and reproducti ...
... other types of predator-prey interactions studied by community ecologists? Could parasitism and predation be combined into a unifying model? After all, parasites and predators both convert energy and nutrients contained in their resources (hosts or prey, respectively) into new biomass and reproducti ...
Ecosystem oceanography for global change in fisheries
... hydrodynamic high-resolution models coupled with biogeochemical and fish models, together with a vast amount of data collected from, for example, remote sensing and tagging experiments, allow us to integrate our disparate ecological knowledge into ecosystem models ([11] http:// www.eur-oceans.org). ...
... hydrodynamic high-resolution models coupled with biogeochemical and fish models, together with a vast amount of data collected from, for example, remote sensing and tagging experiments, allow us to integrate our disparate ecological knowledge into ecosystem models ([11] http:// www.eur-oceans.org). ...
Chapter 56 lecture outline
... o Since then, 12 species of birds and 6 species of lizards have become extinct due to predation by the brown tree snake. o The devastating zebra mussel was accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes of North America in 1988, most likely in the ballast water of ships arriving from Europe. o Zebra m ...
... o Since then, 12 species of birds and 6 species of lizards have become extinct due to predation by the brown tree snake. o The devastating zebra mussel was accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes of North America in 1988, most likely in the ballast water of ships arriving from Europe. o Zebra m ...
Molecular Ecosystems - University of Denver
... as predation, competition, mutualism, and density-dependent effects. Finally, I spell out some similarities between ecological and molecular environments. These considerations will suggest a more perspicuous characterization of molecular ecosystems. The second part of the essay discusses how the mol ...
... as predation, competition, mutualism, and density-dependent effects. Finally, I spell out some similarities between ecological and molecular environments. These considerations will suggest a more perspicuous characterization of molecular ecosystems. The second part of the essay discusses how the mol ...
Dynamics of transposable elements: towards a community ecology
... interactions with their environment. TE copies belonging to the same family or sub-family are thus considered to constitute one TE ‘species’ (Table 1). From the ecological niche concept (Box 2), the niche for each TE species (its ‘genomic niche’) can be inferred both from its ‘limiting factors’ and ...
... interactions with their environment. TE copies belonging to the same family or sub-family are thus considered to constitute one TE ‘species’ (Table 1). From the ecological niche concept (Box 2), the niche for each TE species (its ‘genomic niche’) can be inferred both from its ‘limiting factors’ and ...
3 The Role of Top Carnivores in
... ELIMINATION. Humans have eliminated top predators over much of the globe, drastically reducing the geographical ranges of many species, including wolves, bears, tigers, lions, and many less intimidating beasts. Nevertheless, herbivores have generally not overrun predatorfree portions of the planet, ...
... ELIMINATION. Humans have eliminated top predators over much of the globe, drastically reducing the geographical ranges of many species, including wolves, bears, tigers, lions, and many less intimidating beasts. Nevertheless, herbivores have generally not overrun predatorfree portions of the planet, ...
Chapter Outline
... 2. Ecology studies how environmental factors determine the distribution and abundance of populations. 3. Ecology and evolution are related because ecological interactions are natural selection pressures that have long-term effects. 4. A habitat is the place where an organism exists. 5. A population ...
... 2. Ecology studies how environmental factors determine the distribution and abundance of populations. 3. Ecology and evolution are related because ecological interactions are natural selection pressures that have long-term effects. 4. A habitat is the place where an organism exists. 5. A population ...
The Life of a Marsh
... that is dissolved in water. Salinity has a significant influence on the types of organisms, or living things, that can survive in an ecosystem. Water impacts the soil of all wetland ecosystems. Wetland soil is described as hydric because it is flooded for much of the growing season. Because it is sa ...
... that is dissolved in water. Salinity has a significant influence on the types of organisms, or living things, that can survive in an ecosystem. Water impacts the soil of all wetland ecosystems. Wetland soil is described as hydric because it is flooded for much of the growing season. Because it is sa ...
Chapter 22 Practice Multiple Choice
... b. a mechanism for how evolution occurs. c. that the Earth is older than a few thousand years. d. a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence. e. a way to use artificial selection as a means of domesticating plants and animals. ...
... b. a mechanism for how evolution occurs. c. that the Earth is older than a few thousand years. d. a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence. e. a way to use artificial selection as a means of domesticating plants and animals. ...
In search of a real definition of the biological invasion phenomenon
... Beyond the explanations advanced by Richardson et al. (2000a), Daehler (2001) and Rejmánek et al. (2002), a further fundamental reason leads us to reject this criterion too: at the stage of the definition, the characterization of the phenomenon itself should rest solely on criteria relative to its ...
... Beyond the explanations advanced by Richardson et al. (2000a), Daehler (2001) and Rejmánek et al. (2002), a further fundamental reason leads us to reject this criterion too: at the stage of the definition, the characterization of the phenomenon itself should rest solely on criteria relative to its ...
Biological diversity, ecosystem stability and economic
... 3.1. The scale o f the global economy Most of the time, economists do not think about what the world might be like a century or two from now if current patterns of resource use were to continue. This would be perfectly reasonable in a world where the material or energetic throughput of the global ec ...
... 3.1. The scale o f the global economy Most of the time, economists do not think about what the world might be like a century or two from now if current patterns of resource use were to continue. This would be perfectly reasonable in a world where the material or energetic throughput of the global ec ...
Ecosystem - SandyBiology1-2
... It is much the same with an ecosystem. An ecosystem is not really a place, although we tend to use the word in that way. The concept of an ecosystem is useful; it provides a framework for studying the interactions between living things and their non-living surroundings, usually referred to as their ...
... It is much the same with an ecosystem. An ecosystem is not really a place, although we tend to use the word in that way. The concept of an ecosystem is useful; it provides a framework for studying the interactions between living things and their non-living surroundings, usually referred to as their ...
Habitat suitability modelling and niche theory
... offer a near-experimental design to HSM-based studies if they meet these three conditions: (i) the species occupy mostly distinct areas, thus providing a ‘natural, removal experiment’, (ii) their niches are partially overlapping, and (iii) the species occur in sympatry in some areas (Anderson et al. ...
... offer a near-experimental design to HSM-based studies if they meet these three conditions: (i) the species occupy mostly distinct areas, thus providing a ‘natural, removal experiment’, (ii) their niches are partially overlapping, and (iii) the species occur in sympatry in some areas (Anderson et al. ...
Neutral theory in community ecology and the hypothesis of
... more finely partitioned under low-light conditions than under high-light conditions. If there is a limiting niche similarity in these basic functional traits, then it is not at all obvious. To my way of thinking, these data are more simply explained by an alternative hypothesis. I believe that speci ...
... more finely partitioned under low-light conditions than under high-light conditions. If there is a limiting niche similarity in these basic functional traits, then it is not at all obvious. To my way of thinking, these data are more simply explained by an alternative hypothesis. I believe that speci ...
Plant ecotype affects interacting organisms across multiple trophic
... have been suggested, from the creation of new habitats with the help of seed introduction (Hölzel et al. 2012) to the transfer of organisms to more suitable habitats (Gallagher et al. 2015) or moving individuals to ensure gene flow (Sgrò et al. 2011). Many of these activities involve the translocati ...
... have been suggested, from the creation of new habitats with the help of seed introduction (Hölzel et al. 2012) to the transfer of organisms to more suitable habitats (Gallagher et al. 2015) or moving individuals to ensure gene flow (Sgrò et al. 2011). Many of these activities involve the translocati ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.