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reference paths has been shown to produce first and second-
reference paths has been shown to produce first and second-

POLARIZATION AND CRYSTAL OPTICS
POLARIZATION AND CRYSTAL OPTICS

... The polarization of light is determined by the time course of the direction of the electric-field vector 8(r, t). For monochromatic light, the three components of kT’(r, t) vary sinusoidally with time with amplitudes and phases that are generally different, so that at each position r the endpoint o ...
Giant pulsations as modes of a transverse Alfv´enic resonator
Giant pulsations as modes of a transverse Alfv´enic resonator

Lecture 7: Helmholtz Wave Equations and Plane Waves
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... The equation in (7.4.3) is a general homogeneous 3D vector wave equation. It is valid for cases where there are no external sources. We also note that the equation itself does not depend on the coordinate system. Solution of (7.4.3) in general case may be quite complicated… Therefore, we assume that ...
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Polarized Light and its Interaction
Polarized Light and its Interaction

... For Q, we measure the intensity of the beam transmitted through a linear polarizer with passing axis along x; secondly with the polarizer axis along y. Q is the difference between these fluxes. For U, we do the same thing but with the passing axes first along the + 45º x' axis, then along the - 45º ...
Chapter 11 The Uniform Plane Wave
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... forms of the electric field. They are the mathematical representations of what one would experimentally measure. The terms !t and k0 z, appearing in (18) and (19), have units of angle, and are usually expressed in radians. We know that ! is the radian time frequency, measuring phase shift per unit t ...
Green`s Function of an Infinite Slot Printed Between Two
Green`s Function of an Infinite Slot Printed Between Two

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PDF Book "PHYSICS I: Oscillations and Waves"

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... a beam of electrons illuminating a crystalline solid will scatter in a particular way, the same way that light scatters off a diffraction grating. Detailed properties of the diffraction pattern will depend on the wavelength of the electron and on the spacing of atoms in the solid (which we could alr ...
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Periodic Structures - Photonics Research Group

... diffraction gratings for optical filters, monochromators and spectrum analyzes are only a few. Especially because of the introduction of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in optical fiber communication, gratings are becoming indispensable for various filter functions. We will start by analyzing ...
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Coherence (physics)

In physics, two wave sources are perfectly coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency. It is an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference. It contains several distinct concepts, which are limiting cases that never quite occur in reality but allow an understanding of the physics of waves, and has become a very important concept in quantum physics. More generally, coherence describes all properties of the correlation between physical quantities of a single wave, or between several waves or wave packets. Interference is nothing more than the addition, in the mathematical sense, of wave functions. A single wave can interfere with itself, but this is still an addition of two waves (see Young's slits experiment). Constructive or destructive interferences are limit cases, and two waves always interfere, even if the result of the addition is complicated or not remarkable.When interfering, two waves can add together to create a wave of greater amplitude than either one (constructive interference) or subtract from each other to create a wave of lesser amplitude than either one (destructive interference), depending on their relative phase. Two waves are said to be coherent if they have a constant relative phase. The amount of coherence can readily be measured by the interference visibility, which looks at the size of the interference fringes relative to the input waves (as the phase offset is varied); a precise mathematical definition of the degree of coherence is given by means of correlation functions. Spatial coherence describes the correlation (or predictable relationship) between waves at different points in space, either lateral or longitudinal. Temporal coherence describes the correlation between waves observed at different moments in time. Both are observed in the Michelson–Morley experiment and Young's interference experiment. Once the fringes are obtained in the Michelson–Morley experiment, when one of the mirrors is moved away gradually, the time for the beam to travel increases and the fringes become dull and finally are lost, showing temporal coherence. Similarly, if in Young's double slit experiment the space between the two slits is increased, the coherence dies gradually and finally the fringes disappear, showing spatial coherence.
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