EEG Alpha Oscillations The inhibition
... processing Under conditions where sensory processing is guided by a specific expectancy, e.g., about the spatial location and/or type of stimulus, the P1 amplitude will be larger than under conditions where specific expectancies are lacking. the P1 is generated (at least in part) by a phase reset of ...
... processing Under conditions where sensory processing is guided by a specific expectancy, e.g., about the spatial location and/or type of stimulus, the P1 amplitude will be larger than under conditions where specific expectancies are lacking. the P1 is generated (at least in part) by a phase reset of ...
2/ the biological perspective - College Test bank
... The nervous system is a complex network of cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. The brain is made up of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. o Neurons have dendrites --which receive input --a soma or cell body, and axons -which carry the neural message to other c ...
... The nervous system is a complex network of cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. The brain is made up of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. o Neurons have dendrites --which receive input --a soma or cell body, and axons -which carry the neural message to other c ...
PDF
... frequency (5 Hz) leads to the effect in rats with alcohol addiction. This activation resulted in low, but long-term increase in the concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and led to loss of interest in alcohol (Bass et al., 2013). Some studies demonstrated that more important than the fr ...
... frequency (5 Hz) leads to the effect in rats with alcohol addiction. This activation resulted in low, but long-term increase in the concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and led to loss of interest in alcohol (Bass et al., 2013). Some studies demonstrated that more important than the fr ...
Gestalt Issues in Modern Neuroscience
... A basic notion worked out by Gestalt psychology (e.g., in studies of the Ganzfeld by Metzger, 1930, and of figure-ground segregation by Ehrenstein, 1930) is the need for sufficient contrast of the visual stimulus. Unless the contrast of a stimulus is above threshold (absolute or differential), Gesta ...
... A basic notion worked out by Gestalt psychology (e.g., in studies of the Ganzfeld by Metzger, 1930, and of figure-ground segregation by Ehrenstein, 1930) is the need for sufficient contrast of the visual stimulus. Unless the contrast of a stimulus is above threshold (absolute or differential), Gesta ...
Author`s personal copy
... principles of topographic organization in macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP) – one of the most-studied associative areas in the parietal cortex – we explore the implications of these new principles for brain function. Introduction In many parts of the mammalian brain, spatially adjacent stimul ...
... principles of topographic organization in macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP) – one of the most-studied associative areas in the parietal cortex – we explore the implications of these new principles for brain function. Introduction In many parts of the mammalian brain, spatially adjacent stimul ...
505kb pdf - Brain Sciences Center
... tuning of motor cortical cells, namely the orderly variation of cell activity with the direction of reaching (16, 17). The discharge rate of directionally tuned cells is highest with movements in a certain direction, the cell’s preferred direction (PD), and decreases progressively with movements in ...
... tuning of motor cortical cells, namely the orderly variation of cell activity with the direction of reaching (16, 17). The discharge rate of directionally tuned cells is highest with movements in a certain direction, the cell’s preferred direction (PD), and decreases progressively with movements in ...
Summary - Publikationsserver UB Marburg
... Dopaminergic midbrain Neurons are located mainly in two regions, the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These neurons play an important role in the pathophysiology of drug abuse. The dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the Nucleus accumbens, amygdala and prefrontal cort ...
... Dopaminergic midbrain Neurons are located mainly in two regions, the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These neurons play an important role in the pathophysiology of drug abuse. The dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the Nucleus accumbens, amygdala and prefrontal cort ...
L8 slides
... • It is thought that climbing fiber inputs relay a training or error signal to the Purkinje cells, which then drives synaptic plasticity in its associated granule cell inputs. • One prominent idea is that this synaptic plasticity tends to produce LTD (weight decrease) for synaptic inputs where the g ...
... • It is thought that climbing fiber inputs relay a training or error signal to the Purkinje cells, which then drives synaptic plasticity in its associated granule cell inputs. • One prominent idea is that this synaptic plasticity tends to produce LTD (weight decrease) for synaptic inputs where the g ...
Future of Optogenetics: Potential Clinical Applications?
... frequency (5 Hz) leads to the effect in rats with alcohol addiction. This activation resulted in low, but long-term increase in the concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and led to loss of interest in alcohol (Bass et al., 2013). Some studies demonstrated that more important than the fr ...
... frequency (5 Hz) leads to the effect in rats with alcohol addiction. This activation resulted in low, but long-term increase in the concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and led to loss of interest in alcohol (Bass et al., 2013). Some studies demonstrated that more important than the fr ...
MOTOR SYSTEM – Muscle, LMC, Spinal cord mechanisms of control
... called central pattern generator (CPG); CPGs are in the spinal cord and brainstem for respiration, chewing, swallowing, and locomotion - once a CPG is activated it can product the complex muscle instruction by its own subroutine; does not need descending cortical input or sensory feedback - A CPG re ...
... called central pattern generator (CPG); CPGs are in the spinal cord and brainstem for respiration, chewing, swallowing, and locomotion - once a CPG is activated it can product the complex muscle instruction by its own subroutine; does not need descending cortical input or sensory feedback - A CPG re ...
Structure and function of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) brains
... around to scan a larger volume of air or to probe structures, crevices, trails or other insects including nestmates for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scap ...
... around to scan a larger volume of air or to probe structures, crevices, trails or other insects including nestmates for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scap ...
Brain
... Drugs can inhibit re-uptake so that the neurotransmitter remains longer in the synaptic gap Jette Hannibal - Inthinking ...
... Drugs can inhibit re-uptake so that the neurotransmitter remains longer in the synaptic gap Jette Hannibal - Inthinking ...
Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons Burst with Theta during
... shown). A corresponding theta peak was evident on the EEG spectra in these regions (Fig. 3F ). The rhythmic burst discharge and cross-correlated theta activity were less consistently evident during active waking epochs than during PS epochs because of the transient appearance of theta activity, whic ...
... shown). A corresponding theta peak was evident on the EEG spectra in these regions (Fig. 3F ). The rhythmic burst discharge and cross-correlated theta activity were less consistently evident during active waking epochs than during PS epochs because of the transient appearance of theta activity, whic ...
Neural Networks Architecture
... Hopfield network and the brain (7): When the number of learned patterns in hopfield network will be overloaded, the performance of the network will fall abruptly for all the stored patterns But in real brain an overload of memories affect only some memories and the rest of them will be intact ...
... Hopfield network and the brain (7): When the number of learned patterns in hopfield network will be overloaded, the performance of the network will fall abruptly for all the stored patterns But in real brain an overload of memories affect only some memories and the rest of them will be intact ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... diffusion, the process of ions moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, and electrostatic pressure, the relative balance of electrical charges when the ions are at rest. The cell membrane itself is semipermeable, meaning that some molecules may freely pass through the m ...
... diffusion, the process of ions moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, and electrostatic pressure, the relative balance of electrical charges when the ions are at rest. The cell membrane itself is semipermeable, meaning that some molecules may freely pass through the m ...
Action potential - Solon City Schools
... Lindsey has just played a long volleyball match after injuring her ankle in the first game, but feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of ...
... Lindsey has just played a long volleyball match after injuring her ankle in the first game, but feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of ...
THE SYNAPSE
... symmetric synapses involve axons that contain clusters of vesicles that are predominantly flattened or elongate in their appearance. The pre-and postsynaptic membranes are more parallel than the surrounding nonsynaptic membrane, and the synapse does not contain a prominent postsynaptic density. Clic ...
... symmetric synapses involve axons that contain clusters of vesicles that are predominantly flattened or elongate in their appearance. The pre-and postsynaptic membranes are more parallel than the surrounding nonsynaptic membrane, and the synapse does not contain a prominent postsynaptic density. Clic ...
Imaging the premotor areas Nathalie Picard* and Peter L Strick
... In monkeys, it is now established that area 6 on the medial wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 ...
... In monkeys, it is now established that area 6 on the medial wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 ...
Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses
... However, the structural connectivity of the C-T system is not enough, since moment-to-moment brain functions require dynamic flows of signal traffic among many brain regions, perhaps at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Based on a large number of animal studies, Steriade proposed that “The cereb ...
... However, the structural connectivity of the C-T system is not enough, since moment-to-moment brain functions require dynamic flows of signal traffic among many brain regions, perhaps at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Based on a large number of animal studies, Steriade proposed that “The cereb ...
cortex
... Parcellation of the cerebral cortex Brodman parcellated the human brain in 51 different fields, based upon its cytoarchitecture. For example, each of the various sensory modalities are represented within the cortex and each has a unique architecture. The primary cortical sensory areas receive relaye ...
... Parcellation of the cerebral cortex Brodman parcellated the human brain in 51 different fields, based upon its cytoarchitecture. For example, each of the various sensory modalities are represented within the cortex and each has a unique architecture. The primary cortical sensory areas receive relaye ...
THE BRAIN`S CONCEPTS: THE ROLE OF THE SENSORY
... actions themselves. The action of grasping has both a motor component (what you do in grasping) and various perceptual components (what it looks like for someone to grasp and what a graspable object looks like). Although we won’t discuss them here, there are other modalities involved as ...
... actions themselves. The action of grasping has both a motor component (what you do in grasping) and various perceptual components (what it looks like for someone to grasp and what a graspable object looks like). Although we won’t discuss them here, there are other modalities involved as ...
1 1 THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Parcellation of the cerebral cortex
... Parcellation of the cerebral cortex Brodman parcellated the human brain in 51 different fields, based upon its cytoarchitecture. For example, each of the various sensory modalities are represented within the cortex and each has a unique architecture. The primary cortical sensory areas receive relaye ...
... Parcellation of the cerebral cortex Brodman parcellated the human brain in 51 different fields, based upon its cytoarchitecture. For example, each of the various sensory modalities are represented within the cortex and each has a unique architecture. The primary cortical sensory areas receive relaye ...
Magnetic resonance imaging indicators of blood
... largely confined to white matter. Hydrocephalus was associated with transient elevation of T1 in gray and white matter and persistent elevation of T2 in white matter. Changes in the apparent diffusion coefficients were significant only in white matter. Ventricle size correlated significantly with do ...
... largely confined to white matter. Hydrocephalus was associated with transient elevation of T1 in gray and white matter and persistent elevation of T2 in white matter. Changes in the apparent diffusion coefficients were significant only in white matter. Ventricle size correlated significantly with do ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.