Chapter 6: Natural selection on phenotypes
... Disruptive selection is potentially important because it can maintain phenotypic and genetic variation in the short term, and could result in adaptive differentiation and even speciation if the two phenotypic extremes become reproductively isolated. However, there is little strong evidence for disru ...
... Disruptive selection is potentially important because it can maintain phenotypic and genetic variation in the short term, and could result in adaptive differentiation and even speciation if the two phenotypic extremes become reproductively isolated. However, there is little strong evidence for disru ...
Evolutionary Response to Selection on Clutch Size in a Long‐Term
... size evolution to date rely on brood size manipulation experiments before or after hatching (e.g., Pettifor et al. 1988; Moreno et al. 1991; Tinbergen and Sanz 2004) to test whether parents lay the optimal clutch size that maximizes recruitment or the sum of parental and offspring fitness (Perrins 1 ...
... size evolution to date rely on brood size manipulation experiments before or after hatching (e.g., Pettifor et al. 1988; Moreno et al. 1991; Tinbergen and Sanz 2004) to test whether parents lay the optimal clutch size that maximizes recruitment or the sum of parental and offspring fitness (Perrins 1 ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
... matically separate the selective versus nonselective components of evolutionary change (Appendix 1). Today, disagreement still persists as to the correct interpretation of the fundamental theorem. For example, whereas Okasha (2008) and Ewens (2011) both regard the theorem as concerning the selection ...
... matically separate the selective versus nonselective components of evolutionary change (Appendix 1). Today, disagreement still persists as to the correct interpretation of the fundamental theorem. For example, whereas Okasha (2008) and Ewens (2011) both regard the theorem as concerning the selection ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy
... matically separate the selective versus nonselective components of evolutionary change (Appendix 1). Today, disagreement still persists as to the correct interpretation of the fundamental theorem. For example, whereas Okasha (2008) and Ewens (2011) both regard the theorem as concerning the selection ...
... matically separate the selective versus nonselective components of evolutionary change (Appendix 1). Today, disagreement still persists as to the correct interpretation of the fundamental theorem. For example, whereas Okasha (2008) and Ewens (2011) both regard the theorem as concerning the selection ...
Hybrid Sterility, Haldane`s Rule and Speciation in Heliconius cydno
... of Haldane’s rule may also be promoted by “faster X” evolution, where hemizygosity enhances selection of favorable recessive alleles on the X chromosome (Haldane 1924; Charlesworth et al. 1987). For these alleles to produce sex-limited effects in hybrids and contribute to Haldane’s rule, faster X ex ...
... of Haldane’s rule may also be promoted by “faster X” evolution, where hemizygosity enhances selection of favorable recessive alleles on the X chromosome (Haldane 1924; Charlesworth et al. 1987). For these alleles to produce sex-limited effects in hybrids and contribute to Haldane’s rule, faster X ex ...
Explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations
... common in natural populations. A more recent compilation (Kingsolver et al., 2001; see also Kinnison & Hendry, 2001) reinforces this view, although it also suggests that strong natural selection may not be particularly common since the median standardized selection intensity (i), based on more than ...
... common in natural populations. A more recent compilation (Kingsolver et al., 2001; see also Kinnison & Hendry, 2001) reinforces this view, although it also suggests that strong natural selection may not be particularly common since the median standardized selection intensity (i), based on more than ...
Sympatric Speciation
... Caterpillars feed on oak trees. They vary in morphology, depending on time of hatching: • Spring hatching: Caterpillars feed on catkins, which they resemble, the catkin morphs. • Summer hatching: Caterpillars feed on oak leaves and mimic twigs, the twig morphs. The difference in morphology is trigge ...
... Caterpillars feed on oak trees. They vary in morphology, depending on time of hatching: • Spring hatching: Caterpillars feed on catkins, which they resemble, the catkin morphs. • Summer hatching: Caterpillars feed on oak leaves and mimic twigs, the twig morphs. The difference in morphology is trigge ...
Stewart_Kathryn_A_201302_PhD - QSpace
... is also exaggerated in sympatry, with hybrids showing intermediate traits and preference. I suggest that these patterns are most consistent with secondary reinforcement. I assessed levels of post-zygotic isolation between the Eastern and Interior lineages using a laboratory hybridization experiment. ...
... is also exaggerated in sympatry, with hybrids showing intermediate traits and preference. I suggest that these patterns are most consistent with secondary reinforcement. I assessed levels of post-zygotic isolation between the Eastern and Interior lineages using a laboratory hybridization experiment. ...
Perfect Strain Teachers Guide DGBL 2015-08.indd
... the antibiotic syringe to cull other bacteria. They can also make use of UV lamp to cull, but should use the thresher less often as it is harder to control. Evaluation: The learner will receive assessment questions to test their understanding of genetic variation, natural selection, selection pressu ...
... the antibiotic syringe to cull other bacteria. They can also make use of UV lamp to cull, but should use the thresher less often as it is harder to control. Evaluation: The learner will receive assessment questions to test their understanding of genetic variation, natural selection, selection pressu ...
Pfennig and Kingsolver
... more offspring than others. Thus, phenotypic selection requires phenotypic variation, where individuals differ in some of their characteristics, and differential reproduction, where some individuals have more surviving offspring than others because of their distinctive characteristics. Those individ ...
... more offspring than others. Thus, phenotypic selection requires phenotypic variation, where individuals differ in some of their characteristics, and differential reproduction, where some individuals have more surviving offspring than others because of their distinctive characteristics. Those individ ...
Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive
... likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). Such a pattern of selection would be predicted if observ ...
... likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). Such a pattern of selection would be predicted if observ ...
The quantitative genetic basis of sex ratio variation in Nasonia
... X12 = 0.01, P = 0.91). Next, for each F2 male, we calculated the probabilities of the two alternative genotypes at every centiMorgan position along the chromosomes, conditional on the available marker data, using the R ⁄ QTL package (Broman et al., 2003). R ⁄ QTL uses a hidden Markov model to calcul ...
... X12 = 0.01, P = 0.91). Next, for each F2 male, we calculated the probabilities of the two alternative genotypes at every centiMorgan position along the chromosomes, conditional on the available marker data, using the R ⁄ QTL package (Broman et al., 2003). R ⁄ QTL uses a hidden Markov model to calcul ...
Ecological explanations for (incomplete) speciation
... provided by a study of Drosophila pseudoobscura [43], and good examples for the role of standing genetic variation and hybridization in speciation also exist [44–46,50,51]. These hypotheses have increased our understanding of the factors driving and constraining the speciation process. The hypothese ...
... provided by a study of Drosophila pseudoobscura [43], and good examples for the role of standing genetic variation and hybridization in speciation also exist [44–46,50,51]. These hypotheses have increased our understanding of the factors driving and constraining the speciation process. The hypothese ...
Density cycles and an offspring quantity and quality game driven by
... Morphs are coupled through genetics and the frequency dependence of ®tness. The intrinsic rate of increase, r, in the standard logistic equation is replaced by Fi, fecundity of ith strategy adjusted by: (1) frequency-dependent ®tness (such as equation (1) standardized by mean ®tness, W i t=W), and ...
... Morphs are coupled through genetics and the frequency dependence of ®tness. The intrinsic rate of increase, r, in the standard logistic equation is replaced by Fi, fecundity of ith strategy adjusted by: (1) frequency-dependent ®tness (such as equation (1) standardized by mean ®tness, W i t=W), and ...
Altitudinal patterns for longevity, fecundity and senescence in
... 70 KD heat-shock protein, which clinally varies in its heat-induced expression (Sørensen et al., 2005b). Clinal patterns of senescence might potentially shift with high temperature and/or other factors because of genotype-by-environment interactions. In studies of geographic variation in longevity, ...
... 70 KD heat-shock protein, which clinally varies in its heat-induced expression (Sørensen et al., 2005b). Clinal patterns of senescence might potentially shift with high temperature and/or other factors because of genotype-by-environment interactions. In studies of geographic variation in longevity, ...
Multidimensional convergence stability
... essentially futile to expect a completely general stability criterion based solely on (invasion) fitness, and this state of affairs is particularly acute for multidimensional trait spaces. On the other hand, I will argue that fitness-based stability criteria can be quite useful, in the sense of prov ...
... essentially futile to expect a completely general stability criterion based solely on (invasion) fitness, and this state of affairs is particularly acute for multidimensional trait spaces. On the other hand, I will argue that fitness-based stability criteria can be quite useful, in the sense of prov ...
Natural Selection on Testosterone Production in a Wild Songbird
... reproduction, we would expect to find that testosterone decreases survival but increases reproductive success, similar to that which has been demonstrated by experimental studies. Alternatively, if males differ primarily in quality, selection may act similarly via survival and reproduction because h ...
... reproduction, we would expect to find that testosterone decreases survival but increases reproductive success, similar to that which has been demonstrated by experimental studies. Alternatively, if males differ primarily in quality, selection may act similarly via survival and reproduction because h ...
Chapter 4
... reptiles (Fitch 1978; Berry and Shine 1980; Shine 1994a; Wikelski and Trillmich 1997; Shine et al. 1998; Kratochvil and Frynta 2002; Cox et al. 2003), others have not (Gibbons and Lovich 1990; Braña 1996; Butler et al. 2000). On the basis of our extensive literature data-set, we investigated allome ...
... reptiles (Fitch 1978; Berry and Shine 1980; Shine 1994a; Wikelski and Trillmich 1997; Shine et al. 1998; Kratochvil and Frynta 2002; Cox et al. 2003), others have not (Gibbons and Lovich 1990; Braña 1996; Butler et al. 2000). On the basis of our extensive literature data-set, we investigated allome ...
The role of hermaphrodites in the experimental evolution of
... which fitness components could explain the increase in outcrossing rates. Approaching an answer to these two questions would explain why outcrossing can be adaptive in novel environments. Using competitive assays expected to encompass the full life cycle of selection during experimental evolution, w ...
... which fitness components could explain the increase in outcrossing rates. Approaching an answer to these two questions would explain why outcrossing can be adaptive in novel environments. Using competitive assays expected to encompass the full life cycle of selection during experimental evolution, w ...
Chapter 2 Resource: Traits and How They Change
... Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunc ...
... Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunc ...
The Contribution of Selection and Genetic Constraints to Phenotypic
... et al. 2005); however, this requires a highly specific sampling design based on independently replicated evolutionary events. A more generally applicable solution has recently been developed by Hohenlohe and Arnold (2008), in which the known phylogeny of a set of populations or species is used to co ...
... et al. 2005); however, this requires a highly specific sampling design based on independently replicated evolutionary events. A more generally applicable solution has recently been developed by Hohenlohe and Arnold (2008), in which the known phylogeny of a set of populations or species is used to co ...
1 to appear in R. Singh, D. Paul, C. Krimbas, and J. Beatty (eds
... specified pattern of growth. If we follow this ensemble for, say, 1000 years, what we will find is that almost all of the populations will go extinct, but a very small number will become huge; averaging over these end results, we’ll obtain the result that, on average, populations grow by 2% a year. ...
... specified pattern of growth. If we follow this ensemble for, say, 1000 years, what we will find is that almost all of the populations will go extinct, but a very small number will become huge; averaging over these end results, we’ll obtain the result that, on average, populations grow by 2% a year. ...
Theory and speciation
... the intensity of sexual selection24,25, and from species in which traits demonstrably subject to intraspecific sexual selection also produce interspecific sexual isolation26. Although there are many verbal and mathematical theories of sexual selection27, understanding how this process causes behavio ...
... the intensity of sexual selection24,25, and from species in which traits demonstrably subject to intraspecific sexual selection also produce interspecific sexual isolation26. Although there are many verbal and mathematical theories of sexual selection27, understanding how this process causes behavio ...
Theory and speciation
... the intensity of sexual selection24,25, and from species in which traits demonstrably subject to intraspecific sexual selection also produce interspecific sexual isolation26. Although there are many verbal and mathematical theories of sexual selection27, understanding how this process causes behavio ...
... the intensity of sexual selection24,25, and from species in which traits demonstrably subject to intraspecific sexual selection also produce interspecific sexual isolation26. Although there are many verbal and mathematical theories of sexual selection27, understanding how this process causes behavio ...
Drought survival and reproduction impose contrasting selection
... Shine 1994). First, males are typically larger than females (male-biased SSD) in cases where the mating system is dominated by male-to-male combat (Darwin 1871; Clutton-Brock et al. 1977; Shine 1994). In this scenario, sexual selection for enhanced combat ability generally results in stronger select ...
... Shine 1994). First, males are typically larger than females (male-biased SSD) in cases where the mating system is dominated by male-to-male combat (Darwin 1871; Clutton-Brock et al. 1977; Shine 1994). In this scenario, sexual selection for enhanced combat ability generally results in stronger select ...
Mate choice
Mate choice or intersexual selection is an evolutionary process in which selection, normally of a male mate by a female chooser, is dependent on the attractiveness of his phenotypic traits. It is one of two components of sexual selection (the other being intrasexual selection). Charles Darwin first introduced his ideas on sexual selection in 1871 but they were initially rejected. Ronald Fisher then developed the idea in his 1915 paper The evolution of sexual preference outlined the Fisherian runaway theory in 1930. Advances in genetic and molecular biology techniques have accompanied major progress in this field recently.Five currently recognized mechanisms, which can co-occur, and for each of which there are many examples, explain the evolution of mate choice.In systems where mate choice exists, one sex is competitive with same-sex members and the other sex is choosy (selective when it comes to picking individuals to mate with). In most species, females are the choosy sex that discriminate amongst competitive males but there are several examples of reversed roles (see below).