Intelligent Environments
... Assigns values Q(a,i) to action-state pairs Utility U(i) = maxa Q(a,i) Update Q(a,i) after each observed transition from state i to state j Q(a,i) = Q(a,i) + * (R(i) + maxa’ Q(a’,j) - Q(a,i)) action in state i = argmaxa Q(a,i) ...
... Assigns values Q(a,i) to action-state pairs Utility U(i) = maxa Q(a,i) Update Q(a,i) after each observed transition from state i to state j Q(a,i) = Q(a,i) + * (R(i) + maxa’ Q(a’,j) - Q(a,i)) action in state i = argmaxa Q(a,i) ...
Pleiotropic effects of methoprene-tolerant (Met), a gene involved in
... are specifically interested in life history traits of females. In particular, we ask whether (i) allelic variation at Met affects two or more traits (pleiotropy), (ii) whether Met alleles affect phenotypic covariances (variation for pleiotropy), (iii) whether pleiotropic allelic effects are correlated ( ...
... are specifically interested in life history traits of females. In particular, we ask whether (i) allelic variation at Met affects two or more traits (pleiotropy), (ii) whether Met alleles affect phenotypic covariances (variation for pleiotropy), (iii) whether pleiotropic allelic effects are correlated ( ...
Evolutionary Algorithms
... • if the probability that a certain number of genes is exchanged between the parent chromosomes is not the same for all possible numbers of genes • undesired, because it causes partial solutions of different lengths to have different chances of progressing to the next generation • distributional bia ...
... • if the probability that a certain number of genes is exchanged between the parent chromosomes is not the same for all possible numbers of genes • undesired, because it causes partial solutions of different lengths to have different chances of progressing to the next generation • distributional bia ...
Traversing the conceptual divide between biological and
... phage display, immunoprecipitation, pull-down assays and gel retardation analysis. Interestingly, Ubx and DIP1 are coexpressed in the same embryonic tissues and are both localized to the nucleus. Further, ectopic expression of DIP1 in wing and haltere imaginal discs results in an abnormal developmen ...
... phage display, immunoprecipitation, pull-down assays and gel retardation analysis. Interestingly, Ubx and DIP1 are coexpressed in the same embryonic tissues and are both localized to the nucleus. Further, ectopic expression of DIP1 in wing and haltere imaginal discs results in an abnormal developmen ...
Epistasis in Polygenic Traits and the Evolution of Genetic
... For a purely additive trait, a highly developed mathematical theory exists that has succeeded in providing accurate estimates for the genetic variance in mutationstabilizing-selection balance (see Bürger 2000 for a detailed account). Depending on the mutational parameters, two approximations apply. ...
... For a purely additive trait, a highly developed mathematical theory exists that has succeeded in providing accurate estimates for the genetic variance in mutationstabilizing-selection balance (see Bürger 2000 for a detailed account). Depending on the mutational parameters, two approximations apply. ...
Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles
... membrane and regulates the movement of chloride ions into and out of the cell. Patients with cystic fibrosis have a mutated, dysfunctional form of CFTR that causes the channel to stay closed, and so chloride ions build up in the cell. This buildup causes the formation of thick mucus and produces the ...
... membrane and regulates the movement of chloride ions into and out of the cell. Patients with cystic fibrosis have a mutated, dysfunctional form of CFTR that causes the channel to stay closed, and so chloride ions build up in the cell. This buildup causes the formation of thick mucus and produces the ...
Heredity and Math - Computer Science
... were wrinkled or smooth appeared to be passed down from the parent plant to the offspring. Mendel did not know about DNA or chromosomes, and he could not explain how these traits were passed down. His work was mostly ignored for many years. Mendel's work became the basis for the field of genetics, t ...
... were wrinkled or smooth appeared to be passed down from the parent plant to the offspring. Mendel did not know about DNA or chromosomes, and he could not explain how these traits were passed down. His work was mostly ignored for many years. Mendel's work became the basis for the field of genetics, t ...
View/Open
... occur in discrete or distinct phenotypic classes and exhibit discontinuous variation in a population. Inheritance studies have shown that variation for each qualitative trait in a population is under the genetic control of two or more alleles of a single major gene with high heritability as environ ...
... occur in discrete or distinct phenotypic classes and exhibit discontinuous variation in a population. Inheritance studies have shown that variation for each qualitative trait in a population is under the genetic control of two or more alleles of a single major gene with high heritability as environ ...
Genetic Dissection of a Genomic Region with Pleiotropic Effects on
... While early studies identified tb1 as the gene responsible for much of the phenotypic effect on the long arm of chromosome one (Clark et al. 2006), a more recent study has identified at least two additional loci upstream of tb1 with significant effects on phenotype (Studer and Doebley 2011). These loci ...
... While early studies identified tb1 as the gene responsible for much of the phenotypic effect on the long arm of chromosome one (Clark et al. 2006), a more recent study has identified at least two additional loci upstream of tb1 with significant effects on phenotype (Studer and Doebley 2011). These loci ...
Association between Novelty Seeking of opiate
... frequency of the Met allele (low activity form) in cocaine users. In the present study, results from a case-control analysis is reported (Table 1) with no differences in Val/Met genotype frequencies of the opiate dependent and control group. These conflicting results might derive from the heterogene ...
... frequency of the Met allele (low activity form) in cocaine users. In the present study, results from a case-control analysis is reported (Table 1) with no differences in Val/Met genotype frequencies of the opiate dependent and control group. These conflicting results might derive from the heterogene ...
Section 1
... plants that are “true-breeding,” are self-pollinating, and will produce offspring identical to themselves. the traits of each successive generation would be the same. trait - specific characteristic of an individual, such as seed color or plant height. ...
... plants that are “true-breeding,” are self-pollinating, and will produce offspring identical to themselves. the traits of each successive generation would be the same. trait - specific characteristic of an individual, such as seed color or plant height. ...
SARS Outbreaks in Ontario, Hong Kong and Singapore: the role of
... The detection of LD may imply that the recombination fraction between two genes is small and therefore closer (given the assumption that t is large). ...
... The detection of LD may imply that the recombination fraction between two genes is small and therefore closer (given the assumption that t is large). ...
Genetic crosses - thephysicsteacher.ie
... Most are like the parents due to genes being linked. A small percentage are unlike the parents due to crossing-over - these are called recombinants. Crossing-over leads to greater variation. Separation of linked genes with crossing-over can result in the same variety of gamete genotypes and offsprin ...
... Most are like the parents due to genes being linked. A small percentage are unlike the parents due to crossing-over - these are called recombinants. Crossing-over leads to greater variation. Separation of linked genes with crossing-over can result in the same variety of gamete genotypes and offsprin ...
Alfred Henry Sturtevant - National Academy of Sciences
... color of the fly. This work was the forerunner of an extensive line of research by others and constituted one of the first examples of the use of specific mutant genes to dissect the behavior of an organism. One of the more conspicuous roles that genes play in development is their control of the pro ...
... color of the fly. This work was the forerunner of an extensive line of research by others and constituted one of the first examples of the use of specific mutant genes to dissect the behavior of an organism. One of the more conspicuous roles that genes play in development is their control of the pro ...
Pedigree Analysis
... In a pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Horizontal lines connecting a male and female represent mating. Vertical lines extending downward from a couple represent their children. Subsequent generations are therefore written underneath the parental generations and the old ...
... In a pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Horizontal lines connecting a male and female represent mating. Vertical lines extending downward from a couple represent their children. Subsequent generations are therefore written underneath the parental generations and the old ...
here
... E: For example, it ignores the potential influence of environmental factors that may trigger or increase the risk of developing OCD, which is suggested by the diathesis-stress model. E: This is an issue because it has been found that over half the OCD patients in a study conducted by Cromer et al (2 ...
... E: For example, it ignores the potential influence of environmental factors that may trigger or increase the risk of developing OCD, which is suggested by the diathesis-stress model. E: This is an issue because it has been found that over half the OCD patients in a study conducted by Cromer et al (2 ...
SCI 30 UA CH 2.2 Inheritance
... have compared your own characteristics to other family members or wondered which traits you might someday pass on to your children. Although people have long understood that characteristics are inherited from their parents, they did not understand the mechanisms that enable inheritance to happen. ...
... have compared your own characteristics to other family members or wondered which traits you might someday pass on to your children. Although people have long understood that characteristics are inherited from their parents, they did not understand the mechanisms that enable inheritance to happen. ...
Tibetan and Andean Patterns of Adaptation to High
... by individual characteristics such as age and sex and environmental factors such as cigarette-smoking behavior and household factors. Application to large data sets containing biological relatives allows the testing of hypotheses about the potential sources of phenotypic variance, including variance ...
... by individual characteristics such as age and sex and environmental factors such as cigarette-smoking behavior and household factors. Application to large data sets containing biological relatives allows the testing of hypotheses about the potential sources of phenotypic variance, including variance ...
Mackay 2001
... trait locus (QTL) mapping requires parental strains (red and blue plots) that differ genetically for the trait, such as lines created by divergent artificial selection. b | The parental lines are crossed to produce individuals or strains that contain different fractions of the genome of each parenta ...
... trait locus (QTL) mapping requires parental strains (red and blue plots) that differ genetically for the trait, such as lines created by divergent artificial selection. b | The parental lines are crossed to produce individuals or strains that contain different fractions of the genome of each parenta ...
study on factors affecting the efficiency of marker
... In this paper we simulate the breeding process of marker-assisted introgressing a favorable QTL allele from “donor” to “recipient”. During this process, the foreground selection and background selection were made for introgression population simultaneously: foreground selection is making indirect se ...
... In this paper we simulate the breeding process of marker-assisted introgressing a favorable QTL allele from “donor” to “recipient”. During this process, the foreground selection and background selection were made for introgression population simultaneously: foreground selection is making indirect se ...
Mendelian Genetics Chapter 12 Reading Mendellian Genetics
... sativum, shown in Figure 1. Farmers had done similar experiments before, but Mendel was the first person to develop rules that accurately predict the patterns of heredity in pea plants. V Modern genetics is based on Mendel’s explanations for the patterns of heredity in garden pea plants. As a young ...
... sativum, shown in Figure 1. Farmers had done similar experiments before, but Mendel was the first person to develop rules that accurately predict the patterns of heredity in pea plants. V Modern genetics is based on Mendel’s explanations for the patterns of heredity in garden pea plants. As a young ...
Recombination and epistasis facilitate introgressive hybridization
... where c and k are parameters representing the magnitude of deleterious effects and the epistatic interaction between heterozygous loci, respectively. The fitness landscape of hybrid genotypes depicted on the plane of parental gamete classes indicates that the epistatic interaction between loci subst ...
... where c and k are parameters representing the magnitude of deleterious effects and the epistatic interaction between heterozygous loci, respectively. The fitness landscape of hybrid genotypes depicted on the plane of parental gamete classes indicates that the epistatic interaction between loci subst ...
The causal meaning of Fisher`s average effect
... causation. On this view, the average effect is a specific weighted average of the actual phenotypic changes that result from physically changing the allelic states of homologous genes. We show that the statistical and causal conceptions of the average effect, perceived as inconsistent by Falconer, can ...
... causation. On this view, the average effect is a specific weighted average of the actual phenotypic changes that result from physically changing the allelic states of homologous genes. We show that the statistical and causal conceptions of the average effect, perceived as inconsistent by Falconer, can ...
Mapping QTLs for Popping Ability in a Popcorn × Dent Maize
... Popcorn is a unique line of flint corn with a dense, starchy interior and hard pericarp (exterior shell). The trait that distinguishes popcorn from other types of corn is its ability to form large flakes when heated (4). The popping ability of a popcorn kernel involves many heritable polygenic trait ...
... Popcorn is a unique line of flint corn with a dense, starchy interior and hard pericarp (exterior shell). The trait that distinguishes popcorn from other types of corn is its ability to form large flakes when heated (4). The popping ability of a popcorn kernel involves many heritable polygenic trait ...
- TestbankU
... 24. ____ are conceived when a woman releases more than one ovum and each is fertilized by a different sperm. a. Dizygotic twins b. Conjoined twins c. Triplets d. Monozygotic twins Ans: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genes Shared by Twins Question Type: MC ...
... 24. ____ are conceived when a woman releases more than one ovum and each is fertilized by a different sperm. a. Dizygotic twins b. Conjoined twins c. Triplets d. Monozygotic twins Ans: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genes Shared by Twins Question Type: MC ...
Twin study
Twin studies reveal the absolute and relative importance of environmental and genetic influences on individuals in a sample. Twin research is considered a key tool in behavioral genetics and in content fields, from biology to psychology. Twin studies are part of the methods used in behavior genetics, which includes all data that are genetically informative – siblings, adoptees, pedigree data etc.Twins are a valuable source for observation because they allow the study of varying family environments (across pairs) and widely differing genetic makeup: ""identical"" or monozygotic (MZ) twins share nearly 100% of their genes, which means that most differences between the twins (such as height, susceptibility to boredom, intelligence, depression, etc.) is due to experiences that one twin has but not the other twin. ""Fraternal"" or dizygotic (DZ) twins share only about 50% of their genes. Thus powerful tests of the effects of genes can be made. Twins share many aspects of their environment (e.g., uterine environment, parenting style, education, wealth, culture, community) by virtue of being born in the same time and place. The presence of a given genetic trait in only one member of a pair of identical twins (called discordance) provides a powerful window into environmental effects.The classical twin design compares the similarity of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. If identical twins are considerably more similar than fraternal twins (which is found for most traits), this implicates that genes play an important role in these traits. By comparing many hundreds of families of twins, researchers can then understand more about the roles of genetic effects, shared environment, and unique environment in shaping behavior.Modern twin studies have shown that almost all traits are in part influenced by genetic differences, with some characteristics showing a strong influence (e.g. height), others an intermediate level (e.g. personality traits) and some more complex heritabilities, with evidence for different genes affecting different aspects of the trait — as in the case of autism.