Powerpoint in color
... • First dimorphic spores evolved: Microspores (grow into sperm producing haploid stage) Megaspores (grow into egg producing haploid stage) • Megaspores reduced to just one. ...
... • First dimorphic spores evolved: Microspores (grow into sperm producing haploid stage) Megaspores (grow into egg producing haploid stage) • Megaspores reduced to just one. ...
Greenhouse Production of Bedding Plant Snapdragons
... Snapdragons are classified by height into three categories: dwarf, medium, and tall. Dwarf plants grow to be 6 to 12 inches tall in a dense, bushy habitat and produce abundant flower shoots. These cultivars commonly are used in the landscape for border edging or in mixed containers. In greenhouse pr ...
... Snapdragons are classified by height into three categories: dwarf, medium, and tall. Dwarf plants grow to be 6 to 12 inches tall in a dense, bushy habitat and produce abundant flower shoots. These cultivars commonly are used in the landscape for border edging or in mixed containers. In greenhouse pr ...
Protista, Fungi, and Plantae
... 1. Name the 2 major groups of vascular plants. 2. Describe 3 adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water. (p.564) 3. What are gymnosperms? List examples. (p.566) 4. Describe 2 features of conifer leaves that allow them to survive dry and/or cold conditions. (p.568) 5. What are angi ...
... 1. Name the 2 major groups of vascular plants. 2. Describe 3 adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water. (p.564) 3. What are gymnosperms? List examples. (p.566) 4. Describe 2 features of conifer leaves that allow them to survive dry and/or cold conditions. (p.568) 5. What are angi ...
Tips on Growing Orchids in Florida
... Fertilization is a controversial issue among orchid growers. Many debate the merits of inorganic and organic fertilizers and some even question the need for fertilizer. However, most growers use fertilizer and obtain excellent results. Research and experience have shown that if orchids are grown in ...
... Fertilization is a controversial issue among orchid growers. Many debate the merits of inorganic and organic fertilizers and some even question the need for fertilizer. However, most growers use fertilizer and obtain excellent results. Research and experience have shown that if orchids are grown in ...
IB Biology HL
... Hyphae form a covering over roots. Altogether, these hyphae create a large surface area that helps to do which of the following? a. aid in absorbing minerals and ions b. maintain cell shape c. increase cellular respiration d. anchor a plant ...
... Hyphae form a covering over roots. Altogether, these hyphae create a large surface area that helps to do which of the following? a. aid in absorbing minerals and ions b. maintain cell shape c. increase cellular respiration d. anchor a plant ...
Plant Anatomy
... 3.Pollen is abundant as wastage is higher. Pollen grains are small, dry, smooth and light so that they are buoyant and easily blown about by air currents. 4.Stamens usually have long, slender filaments that sway in the slightest wind and pollen grains are hence shaken out from the anthers. 5.Stigmas ...
... 3.Pollen is abundant as wastage is higher. Pollen grains are small, dry, smooth and light so that they are buoyant and easily blown about by air currents. 4.Stamens usually have long, slender filaments that sway in the slightest wind and pollen grains are hence shaken out from the anthers. 5.Stigmas ...
Requirement of Human Nutrition Human Dietary Needs The human
... and starches provide the bulk of that. Age, sex, size, health, and the intensity of physical activity strongly affect the daily need for calories. Moderately active females (19–30 years old) need 1500–2500 kcal/day, while males of the same age need 2500–3300 kcal/day. In some poor countries, too man ...
... and starches provide the bulk of that. Age, sex, size, health, and the intensity of physical activity strongly affect the daily need for calories. Moderately active females (19–30 years old) need 1500–2500 kcal/day, while males of the same age need 2500–3300 kcal/day. In some poor countries, too man ...
Nonvascular Plants - Life Sciences 4 All
... The prothallus starts the Gametophyte stage Gametophyte is heart shaped and short lived Male antheridia & female archegonia grow on gametophyte Sperm swims to egg to ...
... The prothallus starts the Gametophyte stage Gametophyte is heart shaped and short lived Male antheridia & female archegonia grow on gametophyte Sperm swims to egg to ...
38_DetailLectOutjk_AR
... Alternatively, they may be arranged in such a way that it is mechanically unlikely that an animal pollinator could transfer pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower. The most common anti-selfing mechanism is self-incompatibility, the ability of a plant to reject its own pollen an ...
... Alternatively, they may be arranged in such a way that it is mechanically unlikely that an animal pollinator could transfer pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower. The most common anti-selfing mechanism is self-incompatibility, the ability of a plant to reject its own pollen an ...
PROTEIN TURNOVER AND NITROGEN ECONOMY - U
... - high ammonia leads to mental retardation; possible reasons for neurologic damage: 1. ammonia reacts with alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate thus interfering with ATP production in citric acid cycle 2. excess glutamate formed undergoes amination to glutamine and then to alphaketoglutaramic acid, ...
... - high ammonia leads to mental retardation; possible reasons for neurologic damage: 1. ammonia reacts with alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate thus interfering with ATP production in citric acid cycle 2. excess glutamate formed undergoes amination to glutamine and then to alphaketoglutaramic acid, ...
IPM of Roses.pub - Cornell Cooperative Extension of Oneida County
... Test your soil to determine what amendments are needed. Requirements vary according to pH and local availability of minerals. The ideal pH for roses is between 6.5 and 6.8. The soil can be improved with organic matter such as well-rotted manure or compost. Phosphorus should be added at planting time ...
... Test your soil to determine what amendments are needed. Requirements vary according to pH and local availability of minerals. The ideal pH for roses is between 6.5 and 6.8. The soil can be improved with organic matter such as well-rotted manure or compost. Phosphorus should be added at planting time ...
Nutrition Concept.Final
... linking of many smaller molecules of amino acids, amino acids contain nitrogen, which distinguish protein from other nutrients. ...
... linking of many smaller molecules of amino acids, amino acids contain nitrogen, which distinguish protein from other nutrients. ...
BIO_102_17_LEARNING_TARGETS
... a. are surrounded by a cell wall made of chitin instead of cellulose. 5. Some fungi a. are parasites and b. obtain their nutrients at the expense of living plants or animals. 6. Mycorrhizae (plural) a. represent a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant root cells and b. are present in nearly ...
... a. are surrounded by a cell wall made of chitin instead of cellulose. 5. Some fungi a. are parasites and b. obtain their nutrients at the expense of living plants or animals. 6. Mycorrhizae (plural) a. represent a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant root cells and b. are present in nearly ...
Lesson 3 - Introduction to Plants - Hitchcock
... What are the characteristics of plants? • Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that lies outside the cell membrane. The cell wall supports and protects the plant cell. • The cell wall determines the size and shape of a plant cell. A carbohydrate called cellulose is the main component of p ...
... What are the characteristics of plants? • Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that lies outside the cell membrane. The cell wall supports and protects the plant cell. • The cell wall determines the size and shape of a plant cell. A carbohydrate called cellulose is the main component of p ...
38_LectureOutline_LO
... The generative cell will eventually form sperm. During maturation of the male gametophyte, the generative cell passes into the tube cell. The tube cell, enclosing the generative cell, produces the pollen tube, which delivers sperm to the egg. This is a pollen grain, an immature male gametoph ...
... The generative cell will eventually form sperm. During maturation of the male gametophyte, the generative cell passes into the tube cell. The tube cell, enclosing the generative cell, produces the pollen tube, which delivers sperm to the egg. This is a pollen grain, an immature male gametoph ...
Parade through the Plants
... Adaptations of Pteridophytes (ferns) not seen in Bryophytes 1. Subterranean root system (Bryophytes had rhizoids) 2. Stems 3. Leaves 4. Vascular Tissue a. Xylem – water, minerals up (dead cells) ...
... Adaptations of Pteridophytes (ferns) not seen in Bryophytes 1. Subterranean root system (Bryophytes had rhizoids) 2. Stems 3. Leaves 4. Vascular Tissue a. Xylem – water, minerals up (dead cells) ...
Please put True or False between the brackets and correct the false
... be given zero: Carefully transfer your answers to the answer sheet that will be checked and marks will be given based on your answers in the answer sheet. ( marks) ...
... be given zero: Carefully transfer your answers to the answer sheet that will be checked and marks will be given based on your answers in the answer sheet. ( marks) ...
Presentation 3 Organic Matter
... CEC of humic substances is pH dependent and the extent of dissociation as a function of pH can be determined by titration Titration curve, also called formation function for proton binding, can be modeled by expressions like ...
... CEC of humic substances is pH dependent and the extent of dissociation as a function of pH can be determined by titration Titration curve, also called formation function for proton binding, can be modeled by expressions like ...
Plant Propagation: Basic Principles and
... represent an entire embryonic plant that is covered by protective tissue. Seeds are considered dormant until they are exposed to favorable environmental factors such as moisture, warm temperatures, and light that encourage germination. There are many important factors that propagators must consider ...
... represent an entire embryonic plant that is covered by protective tissue. Seeds are considered dormant until they are exposed to favorable environmental factors such as moisture, warm temperatures, and light that encourage germination. There are many important factors that propagators must consider ...
... your childhood socks) at the end of one growing cycle, which is quickly followed by another cycle. After two cycles, the ground beneath the plant appears dark brown. None of this category is harmless! Crabgrass is partial to bare, weak areas like those left by the matting plants. Plus, it’s fast gro ...
Excretion
... Excretion is the process by which metabolic wastes and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys and skin.[1] This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell. E ...
... Excretion is the process by which metabolic wastes and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys and skin.[1] This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell. E ...
The Discovery of C4 Photosynthesis
... and NAD malic enzyme and this provided the basis for dividing C 4 plants into three distinct biochemical sub-types, NADP-malic enzyme-type, NAD-malic enzyme-type and PEP carboxykinase-type. The fact that evolving C4 plants came up with three separate mechanisms for decarboxylating C4 acids in bundle ...
... and NAD malic enzyme and this provided the basis for dividing C 4 plants into three distinct biochemical sub-types, NADP-malic enzyme-type, NAD-malic enzyme-type and PEP carboxykinase-type. The fact that evolving C4 plants came up with three separate mechanisms for decarboxylating C4 acids in bundle ...
CHAPTER 7 – COENZYMES AND VITAMINS CHAPTER SUMMARY
... vegetables. The terminal functional group may be an __________ (retinol), an _______________ (retinal – absorbs a photon of light which triggers a neural impulse), or a _______________ acid (retinoic acid – a signal cmpd that binds to receptor proteins in cells, and the complex that forms can bind t ...
... vegetables. The terminal functional group may be an __________ (retinol), an _______________ (retinal – absorbs a photon of light which triggers a neural impulse), or a _______________ acid (retinoic acid – a signal cmpd that binds to receptor proteins in cells, and the complex that forms can bind t ...
Plant nutrition
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Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds that are necessary for plant growth, and also of their external supply and internal metabolism. In 1972, E. Epstein defined two criteria for an element to be essential for plant growth: in its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle; or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite.This is in accordance with Liebig's law of the minimum. There are 14 essential plant nutrients. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients including water are typically obtained from the soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants).Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from the growing media: the primary macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) the three secondary macronutrients: calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg) the micronutrients/trace minerals: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni)The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.2% to 4.0% (on a dry matter weight basis). Micro nutrients are present in plant tissue in quantities measured in parts per million, ranging from 5 to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weight.Most soil conditions across the world can provide plants with adequate nutrition and do not require fertilizer for a complete life cycle. However, humans can artificially modify soil through the addition of fertilizer to promote vigorous growth and increase yield. The plants are able to obtain their required nutrients from the fertilizer added to the soil. A colloidal carbonaceous residue, known as humus, can serve as a nutrient reservoir. Even with adequate water and sunshine, nutrient deficiency can limit growth.Nutrient uptake from the soil is achieved by cation exchange, where root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root.Plant nutrition is a difficult subject to understand completely, partly because of the variation between different plants and even between different species or individuals of a given clone. An element present at a low level may cause deficiency symptoms, while the same element at a higher level may cause toxicity. Further, deficiency of one element may present as symptoms of toxicity from another element. An abundance of one nutrient may cause a deficiency of another nutrient. For example, lower availability of a given nutrient such as SO42− can affect the uptake of another nutrient, such as NO3−. As another example, K+ uptake can be influenced by the amount of NH4+ available.The root, especially the root hair, is the most essential organ for the uptake of nutrients. The structure and architecture of the root can alter the rate of nutrient uptake. Nutrient ions are transported to the center of the root, the stele in order for the nutrients to reach the conducting tissues, xylem and phloem. The Casparian strip, a cell wall outside the stele but within the root, prevents passive flow of water and nutrients, helping to regulate the uptake of nutrients and water. Xylem moves water and inorganic molecules within the plant and phloem accounts for organic molecule transportation. Water potential plays a key role in a plants nutrient uptake. If the water potential is more negative within the plant than the surrounding soils, the nutrients will move from the region of higher solute concentration—in the soil—to the area of lower solute concentration: in the plant.There are three fundamental ways plants uptake nutrients through the root: simple diffusion, occurs when a nonpolar molecule, such as O2, CO2, and NH3 follows a concentration gradient, moving passively through the cell lipid bilayer membrane without the use of transport proteins. facilitated diffusion, is the rapid movement of solutes or ions following a concentration gradient, facilitated by transport proteins. Active transport, is the uptake by cells of ions or molecules against a concentration gradient; this requires an energy source, usually ATP, to power molecular pumps that move the ions or molecules through the membrane. Nutrients are moved inside a plant to where they are most needed. For example, a plant will try to supply more nutrients to its younger leaves than to its older ones. When nutrients are mobile, symptoms of any deficiency become apparent first on the older leaves. However, not all nutrients are equally mobile. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are mobile nutrients, while the others have varying degrees of mobility. When a less mobile nutrient is deficient, the younger leaves suffer because the nutrient does not move up to them but stays in the older leaves. This phenomenon is helpful in determining which nutrients a plant may be lacking.Many plants engage in symbiosis with microorganisms. Two important types of these relationship are with bacteria such as rhizobia, that carry out biological nitrogen fixation, in which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonium (NH4); and with mycorrhizal fungi, which through their association with the plant roots help to create a larger effective root surface area. Both of these mutualistic relationships enhance nutrient uptake. Though nitrogen is plentiful in the Earth's atmosphere, relatively few plants harbor nitrogen fixing bacteria, so most plants rely on nitrogen compounds present in the soil to support their growth. These can be supplied by mineralization of soil organic matter or added plant residues, nitrogen fixing bacteria, animal waste, or through the application of fertilizers.Hydroponics, is a method for growing plants in a water-nutrient solution without the use of nutrient-rich soil. It allows researchers and home gardeners to grow their plants in a controlled environment. The most common solution, is the Hoagland solution, developed by D. R. Hoagland in 1933, the solution consists of all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions necessary for most plant growth. An aerator is used to prevent an anoxic event or hypoxia. Hypoxia can affect nutrient uptake of a plant because without oxygen present, respiration becomes inhibited within the root cells. The Nutrient film technique is a variation of hydroponic technique. The roots are not fully submerged, which allows for adequate aeration of the roots, while a ""film"" thin layer of nutrient rich water is pumped through the system to provide nutrients and water to the plant.