Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality
... functions rapidly. Because prior knowledge and linguistic representations do not seem to be adequate to compute these functions, it seems that perceptual simulations are responsible. Readers similarly understand the functions of novel actions immediately, such as using a crutch to bat a ball [27]. B ...
... functions rapidly. Because prior knowledge and linguistic representations do not seem to be adequate to compute these functions, it seems that perceptual simulations are responsible. Readers similarly understand the functions of novel actions immediately, such as using a crutch to bat a ball [27]. B ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specificity. For example, an area may be active for planning a reach or a saccade, but if it is significantly more active for one plan over t ...
... review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specificity. For example, an area may be active for planning a reach or a saccade, but if it is significantly more active for one plan over t ...
Visual Memory and Visual Perception Recruit
... (A) Modality-specific processing regions, demarcated in black, include visual, auditory, motor, and olfactory. It should be noted that the ventral visual pathway traverses the inferior occipital and temporal cortex (see text) but is shown in the lateral view for illustrative purposes. Unless otherwi ...
... (A) Modality-specific processing regions, demarcated in black, include visual, auditory, motor, and olfactory. It should be noted that the ventral visual pathway traverses the inferior occipital and temporal cortex (see text) but is shown in the lateral view for illustrative purposes. Unless otherwi ...
Neuronal correlates of decision
... maintained throughout the delay period in the firing rates of either S1 or S2 neurons2,8 (Fig. 2c). In S2 neurons, f1-dependence in the delay period was only found at the beginning of the delay period, or, much more rarely, at the very end of the delay period (see Figs. S1, S2 and S3 in Supplementar ...
... maintained throughout the delay period in the firing rates of either S1 or S2 neurons2,8 (Fig. 2c). In S2 neurons, f1-dependence in the delay period was only found at the beginning of the delay period, or, much more rarely, at the very end of the delay period (see Figs. S1, S2 and S3 in Supplementar ...
Orbital Frontal Cortex Slides
... The firing rates of OFC neurons were more likely to vary with the value of the drinks, rather than the physical properties (ex: Taste or Volume) A neuron that was encoding the value of the chosen reward might show a higher Firing rate when the monkey choose the one drop of juice to the one drop of ...
... The firing rates of OFC neurons were more likely to vary with the value of the drinks, rather than the physical properties (ex: Taste or Volume) A neuron that was encoding the value of the chosen reward might show a higher Firing rate when the monkey choose the one drop of juice to the one drop of ...
Non-human primates in neuroscience research: The case against its
... visual cortex remains selectively active, even when presented with as little as 9% of an object. These signals were delayed, however, indicating that additional neural processing, involving spatial integration and extrapolation from prior knowledge, was occurring, to enable the reliable recognition ...
... visual cortex remains selectively active, even when presented with as little as 9% of an object. These signals were delayed, however, indicating that additional neural processing, involving spatial integration and extrapolation from prior knowledge, was occurring, to enable the reliable recognition ...
Imaging the premotor areas Nathalie Picard* and Peter L Strick
... influence motor output, both through connections with the primary motor cortex (M1) and through direct projections to the spinal cord (e.g. [1]). In monkeys, the frontal lobe contains six well-defined premotor areas (Figure 1a). The presence of analogous areas in humans has been inferred from functi ...
... influence motor output, both through connections with the primary motor cortex (M1) and through direct projections to the spinal cord (e.g. [1]). In monkeys, the frontal lobe contains six well-defined premotor areas (Figure 1a). The presence of analogous areas in humans has been inferred from functi ...
Circuits in Psychopharmacology
... Although there is quite a bit of overlap of projection areas among the various neurotransmitters, no one neurotransmitter projects to all the same brain areas as another, and certainly not always to the same neurons in the brain areas where they project. Nevertheless, it is hypothesized that when a ...
... Although there is quite a bit of overlap of projection areas among the various neurotransmitters, no one neurotransmitter projects to all the same brain areas as another, and certainly not always to the same neurons in the brain areas where they project. Nevertheless, it is hypothesized that when a ...
Cortical sensorimotor alterations classify clinical phenotype and
... dopaminergic function is altered in SD, characterized by decreased availability of D2/D3 receptors and abnormal release of endogenous dopamine during symptomatic and asymptomatic tasks [13]. However, despite the considerable progress made in mapping brain alterations in SD, our understanding of the ...
... dopaminergic function is altered in SD, characterized by decreased availability of D2/D3 receptors and abnormal release of endogenous dopamine during symptomatic and asymptomatic tasks [13]. However, despite the considerable progress made in mapping brain alterations in SD, our understanding of the ...
Knowledge, Performance, and Task: Décalage and Dynamics in Young Children’s
... from Experiment 1. How is it that we can see the same curvilinear trend in children’s naming of deformable stimuli in a group of 18-to 23-month-old children with different numbers of count nouns in their productive vocabularies, as we see with 24-, 36-, and 48-month-old children using the same stimu ...
... from Experiment 1. How is it that we can see the same curvilinear trend in children’s naming of deformable stimuli in a group of 18-to 23-month-old children with different numbers of count nouns in their productive vocabularies, as we see with 24-, 36-, and 48-month-old children using the same stimu ...
Basic functional neuroanatomy
... 1. Functions attributed to a particular part of the brain or spinal cord are found to be disordered, thereby indicating the site of an irritating or a destructive lesion. In many cases the functions of these regions have been deduced principally from correlation of clinical conditions with pathologi ...
... 1. Functions attributed to a particular part of the brain or spinal cord are found to be disordered, thereby indicating the site of an irritating or a destructive lesion. In many cases the functions of these regions have been deduced principally from correlation of clinical conditions with pathologi ...
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex - John Allman
... activity of anterior cingulate cortex increased with task difficulty.33 Strong evidence exists that the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex is related to cognition, whereas the ventral part is more related to emotion.34 This functional specialization is revealed by the sites activated durin ...
... activity of anterior cingulate cortex increased with task difficulty.33 Strong evidence exists that the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex is related to cognition, whereas the ventral part is more related to emotion.34 This functional specialization is revealed by the sites activated durin ...
The Representation of Complex Images in Spatial Frequency
... The organization of cat primary visual cortex has been well mapped using simple stimuli such as sinusoidal gratings, revealing superimposed maps of orientation and spatial frequency preferences. However, it is not yet understood how complex images are represented across these maps. In this study, we ...
... The organization of cat primary visual cortex has been well mapped using simple stimuli such as sinusoidal gratings, revealing superimposed maps of orientation and spatial frequency preferences. However, it is not yet understood how complex images are represented across these maps. In this study, we ...
Epilepsy - PBworks
... • Exercise recommended5 to all patients – Should be individualized – Frequent seizures associated w/ sudden falls should be restricted in their activity ...
... • Exercise recommended5 to all patients – Should be individualized – Frequent seizures associated w/ sudden falls should be restricted in their activity ...
Text - ETH E
... hypothetical temporal stimulus representations have also been referred to as ‘complete serial compound stimulus’ (Sutton & Barto, 1990) or ‘spectral timing mechanism’ (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 1999). A temporal stimulus representation is necessary to reproduce the depression of dopamine activity ...
... hypothetical temporal stimulus representations have also been referred to as ‘complete serial compound stimulus’ (Sutton & Barto, 1990) or ‘spectral timing mechanism’ (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 1999). A temporal stimulus representation is necessary to reproduce the depression of dopamine activity ...
InterimSummary The Nature of Learning
... memory appear to be normal. He can repeat seven numbers forward and five numbers backward, and he can carry on conversations, rephrase sentences, and perform mental arithmetic. He is unable to remember events that occurred during several years preceding his brain surgery, but he can recall older mem ...
... memory appear to be normal. He can repeat seven numbers forward and five numbers backward, and he can carry on conversations, rephrase sentences, and perform mental arithmetic. He is unable to remember events that occurred during several years preceding his brain surgery, but he can recall older mem ...
Historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the
... amounts of data into a coherent pattern. But this still leaves much fine tuning in the development of physiological technique, particularly the creation and testing of precise tools to tackle a variety of individual physiological problems. The following series of papers provide a snapshot of the pre ...
... amounts of data into a coherent pattern. But this still leaves much fine tuning in the development of physiological technique, particularly the creation and testing of precise tools to tackle a variety of individual physiological problems. The following series of papers provide a snapshot of the pre ...
The influence of current direction on phosphene
... (latero-medial and medio-lateral). Each measurement was made 3 times, with a new stimulation site chosen for each repetition. Only those stimulation sites were investigated where phosphenes were restricted to one visual hemifield. Coil positions were stereotactically registered. Functional magnetic ...
... (latero-medial and medio-lateral). Each measurement was made 3 times, with a new stimulation site chosen for each repetition. Only those stimulation sites were investigated where phosphenes were restricted to one visual hemifield. Coil positions were stereotactically registered. Functional magnetic ...
An optical neural interface: in vivo control of
... stimulation efficacy without an increased side effect profile. Employing light to activate neurons has emerged as an attractive new concept (for review, see [21–24]). Leveraging advances in chemical biology and molecular genetics, several groups have developed novel optical techniques to control neu ...
... stimulation efficacy without an increased side effect profile. Employing light to activate neurons has emerged as an attractive new concept (for review, see [21–24]). Leveraging advances in chemical biology and molecular genetics, several groups have developed novel optical techniques to control neu ...
NEURAL CONNECTIONS: Some You Use, Some You Lose
... one neuron and the dendrites of its neighbors. Communication between neurons takes place across these microscopic gaps or synapses. Chemical neurotransmitters move across the gaps from the presynaptic ending of the axon to the postsynaptic membrane of the adjoining dendrite. These chemical messenger ...
... one neuron and the dendrites of its neighbors. Communication between neurons takes place across these microscopic gaps or synapses. Chemical neurotransmitters move across the gaps from the presynaptic ending of the axon to the postsynaptic membrane of the adjoining dendrite. These chemical messenger ...
Small Networks
... • There is significant variability in the activity of neurons and networks. • How does the brain produce reliable output (consistent behaviors)? • Does the robustness of functional networks overcome the variability due to noise? • Or is stochasticity a necessary component of how the system works? – ...
... • There is significant variability in the activity of neurons and networks. • How does the brain produce reliable output (consistent behaviors)? • Does the robustness of functional networks overcome the variability due to noise? • Or is stochasticity a necessary component of how the system works? – ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR
... properties of neurons have been known for more than a century, but we have only recently begun to understand the chemical processes involved in neural activity. An understanding of how neurons generate electricity requires a brief excursion into chemistry. Neurons function a bit like batteries in th ...
... properties of neurons have been known for more than a century, but we have only recently begun to understand the chemical processes involved in neural activity. An understanding of how neurons generate electricity requires a brief excursion into chemistry. Neurons function a bit like batteries in th ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.