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Spinning Welfare: the Gains from Process Innovation in Cotton and
Spinning Welfare: the Gains from Process Innovation in Cotton and

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Oligopoly and Strategic Pricing

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... i.e., the marginal benefit from the first up to and including the last unit purchased. Graphically this is the area under the buyer's demand curve up to an including the last unit purchased. This is the maximum that the buyer is willing to pay for that quantity, this is also the maximum price that a ...
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... inferior goods. Good examples of inferior goods are second-hand clothing and food such as Spam, ramen noodles, macaroni and cheese, and peanut butter and jelly. The example used in the text is a tooth extraction. Ask the students to come up with other examples of inferior goods as they have better a ...
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... Changes in Producer Expectations  Any change that affects producer expectations about profitability can affect market supply.  An expectation of higher prices in the future could either increase or decrease current supply, depending on the good. ...
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... technology has economies-of-scale (规模经济) large enough for it to supply the whole market at a lower average total production cost than is possible with more than one firm in the market. ...
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Externality



In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.For example, manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. For the purpose of these statements, overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the imputed monetary value of benefits and costs to all parties involved. Thus, unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not reflect the full social cost or benefit of their transactions; such markets are therefore inefficient.
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