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Independent component analysis of neural populations from
Independent component analysis of neural populations from

... In this paper, we address the question of observing neuron populations based on extracellular multielectrode field potential measurements (MFPM). By their nature, such measurements do not explicitly yield single population data, but rather a mixture of field potentials (FPs) from several populations ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men

... to achieve an ‘unpleasant but not painful’ level of sensation. The conditioning experiment consisted of an acquisition and an extinction phase (Figure 1A). The conditioning procedure was adapted from prior studies in our laboratory (Stark et al., 2006; Merz et al., 2013) and included an additional e ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling

... The brain is a highly complex organ that is divided into different functional regions. Each region has a specific compliment of neurons that are connected together into local circuits to generate characteristic output signals that are then sent either to other regions or to the periphery as is the c ...
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
The Brain and Cranial Nerves

...  Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum  Cerebellar nuclei: embedded in arbor vitae: – relay information to Purkinje cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental

... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin

... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
Document
Document

...  Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum  Cerebellar nuclei: embedded in arbor vitae: – relay information to Purkinje cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
rem sleep - Website Staff UI
rem sleep - Website Staff UI

... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of

... inhibition of cholinergic and monoaminergic pontine cell groups [49] was subsequently proposed to regulate REM sleep. In this model, monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons contribute to the EEG desynchronization seen during wakefulness, and they reduce activity during NREM sleep [50–52]. REM sleep is ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System

... receptor neurons project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (Subhedar and Rama Krishna, 1988; Biju et al., 2003; Biju et al., 2005), but it is not known whether these cells release GnRH into the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, or both. Physiological effects of GnRH in the olfactory epithelium ...
Physiology and neuroanatomy of sleep
Physiology and neuroanatomy of sleep

... responds to sensory input from the environment. • Sleep: is a state of behavioral quiescence accompanied by an elevated arousal threshold and a species-specific sleep posture (recumbent sleep posture, closed eyes, diminished responsiveness to external stimuli and decrease in or absence of movements) ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
REM Sleep - Test Page

... events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 per day, compared with approximately 3000 in the rat. If the ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in

... difference, or ratio, of Gaussian models; Cavanaugh et al., 2002a; Sceniak et al., 1999, 2001). However, these models, by virtue of their design, can only hint at underlying mechanisms, and while they can inter- and extrapolate from measured data, they do not offer the predictions one can derive fro ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit

... together these two systems mediate reward-related learning in basal ganglia circuits. Here, we addressed the potential contribution of cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons in vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cho ...
Rewarding properties of sildenafil citrate in mice
Rewarding properties of sildenafil citrate in mice

... (ZT) 4 and ZT 6 (light onset is defined as ZT 0). Familiarization and preconditioning On the first day of the trials (i.e., familiarization) and the second day (i.e., preconditioning), each mouse was placed separately into the apparatus for 10 min while they could freely access both compartments. Th ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal

... onto neighboring parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons. Inhibitory connections from these two populations of interneurons are also much stronger onto corticoamygdala neurons. Consequently, BLA inputs are able to drive robust feedforward inhibition via two parallel interneuron pathways ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of

... the olfactory placodes (9) and migrate to their final location during the embryonic life. In addition to these data from mice, results of other experiments performed in chicks (10), rhesus macaques (11), rats (12) and humans (13) indicate that the olfactory origin of GnRH neurons is a general phenom ...
Extracellular Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA in the Hippocampus
Extracellular Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA in the Hippocampus

... Medication-Resistant Epilepsy: Drug-resistant epilepsy is a significant public health concern. It is associated with a mortality rate five times greater than the general population (4) and with psychiatric comorbidities, social disability, and a reduced quality of life (5). The type of epilepsy pred ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational

... and inhibitory neocortical neurons, to which we will refer as functional connectivity in this paper. The second dataset assembled by Binzegger et al. (2004) was predicted from bouton and target densities in cat primary visual cortex estimated from three-dimensional cell reconstructions. This dataset ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained

... with rabbit polyclonal NGF antibody (1:500). The secondary antibody was goat-anti-rabbit AP conjugated (1:2000), and blots were visualized with Bio-Rad AP conjugate substrate kit. NGF immunofluorescence. Chicken brain sections of 12 ␮m were treated with 1 mg/ml trypsin for 3 min and then incubated w ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and

Coexposure of Neonatal Mice to a Flame
Coexposure of Neonatal Mice to a Flame

... deleterious effects on cognitive development. The interaction between environmental pollutants is suggested as one reason for the observed defective neurological development in children from the Faeroe Islands as compared to children from the Seychelles. We have previously seen in mice that polychlo ...
The transference of benefits between the eyes Does
The transference of benefits between the eyes Does

... In order to explain eye movements one needs to know how to measure them. The adult eyeball is a sphere and measures about 2.5 cm with only the anterior one-sixth of the eyeball exposed (Tortora & Nielsen, 2012). Because the eye is a sphere we measure it in degrees, much like the longitudes and latit ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization

... Research into dendrite morphogenesis in vertebrates has yielded similar results, and therefore emerging principles are likely to be of general relevance. Transcription regulators of dendrite patterns Many transcription factors contribute to the specification of neuronal type-specific dendrite patter ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of

... correlated neural activity between voxels to make inferences about the functional organization of the brain (Biswal et al, 2010). Conveniently, these data can be acquired at rest, unbiased from task demands. The resting-state approach characterizes synchronous patterns of blood-oxygen level dependen ...
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Metastability in the brain

In the field of computational neuroscience, the theory of metastability refers to the human brain’s ability to integrate several functional parts and to produce neural oscillations in a cooperative and coordinated manner, providing the basis for conscious activity.Metastability, a state in which signals (such as oscillatory waves) fall outside their natural equilibrium state but persist for an extended period of time, is a principle that describes the brain’s ability to make sense out of seemingly random environmental cues. In the past 25 years, interest in metastability and the underlying framework of nonlinear dynamics has been fueled by advancements in the methods by which computers model brain activity.
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