to find the lecture notes for lecture 6 nervous tissue click here
... -nerve cells have more K+ than Na+ leakage channels -as a result, membrane permeability to K+ is higher -K+ leaks out of cell - inside becomes more negative -K+ is then pumped back in 2. Gated channels: open and close in response to a stimulus A. voltage-gated: open in response to change in voltage ...
... -nerve cells have more K+ than Na+ leakage channels -as a result, membrane permeability to K+ is higher -K+ leaks out of cell - inside becomes more negative -K+ is then pumped back in 2. Gated channels: open and close in response to a stimulus A. voltage-gated: open in response to change in voltage ...
How Neurons Talk to Each Other
... In addition to these proteins required for “replenishing”, the membranes of synaptic vesicles contain other components that enable the vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane (including the SNARE protein synaptobrevin and the calcium sensor synaptotagmin). Once membrane fusion has occurred, they a ...
... In addition to these proteins required for “replenishing”, the membranes of synaptic vesicles contain other components that enable the vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane (including the SNARE protein synaptobrevin and the calcium sensor synaptotagmin). Once membrane fusion has occurred, they a ...
Keystone Quia Quiz—Cell Physiology Unit Question Source and
... is one way that the Golgi apparatus functions? A. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers. B. It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules. C. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles. ** D. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize. Biology Keystone Anchor Content and Sample Questio ...
... is one way that the Golgi apparatus functions? A. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers. B. It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules. C. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles. ** D. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize. Biology Keystone Anchor Content and Sample Questio ...
HCB Objectives 2
... lysosome: cellular vesicle filled with acid hydrolases (low pH); destructor of any intracellular elements (“the garbage compactor”). SER: endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes involved in several processes (elaboration in question 2) mitochondrion: site of ATP synthesis in the cell cytoskeleton: i ...
... lysosome: cellular vesicle filled with acid hydrolases (low pH); destructor of any intracellular elements (“the garbage compactor”). SER: endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes involved in several processes (elaboration in question 2) mitochondrion: site of ATP synthesis in the cell cytoskeleton: i ...
Local Anesthetics
... Local anesthetics work in general by binding to sodium channel receptors inside the cell and thereby inhibiting action potentials in a given axon. They work the best when the axon is firing. The Cell membrane consists of ion pumps, most notably the Na/K pump that create a negative 70mV resting poten ...
... Local anesthetics work in general by binding to sodium channel receptors inside the cell and thereby inhibiting action potentials in a given axon. They work the best when the axon is firing. The Cell membrane consists of ion pumps, most notably the Na/K pump that create a negative 70mV resting poten ...
Responses to stimulating multiple inputs
... 9) (6 pts) Consider two neurons that are spherical and lack dendrites; the only process that extends from their somas is an axon that is similar in diameter in these 2 cells. One neuron has a soma diameter of 10 m, the other has a diameter of 20 m. From patch-clamp studies you find that the chann ...
... 9) (6 pts) Consider two neurons that are spherical and lack dendrites; the only process that extends from their somas is an axon that is similar in diameter in these 2 cells. One neuron has a soma diameter of 10 m, the other has a diameter of 20 m. From patch-clamp studies you find that the chann ...
Ch. 8 Cells & Their Environment
... 3. What is diffusion? Why is diffusion an example of passive transport? - The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient. ...
... 3. What is diffusion? Why is diffusion an example of passive transport? - The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient. ...
Final Exam - Creighton Biology
... oo. an increase in the amplitude of each action potential. pp. an increase in the duration of each action potential. qq. an increase in action potential frequency. rr. Two of the above. ss. All of the above. Which of the following is not known to activate any class of taste receptors? ...
... oo. an increase in the amplitude of each action potential. pp. an increase in the duration of each action potential. qq. an increase in action potential frequency. rr. Two of the above. ss. All of the above. Which of the following is not known to activate any class of taste receptors? ...
chapt12 neuron_lecture
... mechanisms for producing electrical potentials & currents – electrical potential - difference in concentration of charged particles between different parts of the cell – electrical current - flow of charged particles from one point to another within the cell • Living cells are polarized – resting me ...
... mechanisms for producing electrical potentials & currents – electrical potential - difference in concentration of charged particles between different parts of the cell – electrical current - flow of charged particles from one point to another within the cell • Living cells are polarized – resting me ...
The Nervous System
... potential (generally 5 - 15 mV less negative than the resting potential), the voltage-regulated sodium channels all open. Sodium ions rapidly diffuse inward, & depolarization occurs. ...
... potential (generally 5 - 15 mV less negative than the resting potential), the voltage-regulated sodium channels all open. Sodium ions rapidly diffuse inward, & depolarization occurs. ...
Cells & Their Environment
... nonpolar lipid bilayer • But most polar molecules and ions cannot pass through the lipid bilayer • Thanks to transport proteins called – channels – passageways are made so polar molecules & ions can move across the cell ...
... nonpolar lipid bilayer • But most polar molecules and ions cannot pass through the lipid bilayer • Thanks to transport proteins called – channels – passageways are made so polar molecules & ions can move across the cell ...
Cellular Homeostasis & Transport
... diffusion…except we are talking about water and nothing else. Osmosis – is the movement of water molecules from a high concentration to an area of low concentration ...
... diffusion…except we are talking about water and nothing else. Osmosis – is the movement of water molecules from a high concentration to an area of low concentration ...
Cell Membrane and Transport
... Facilitated diffusion: small, polar molecules (glucose, amino acids), or ions move through protein channels embedded in the membrane. Osmosis: water molecules move through the membrane. ...
... Facilitated diffusion: small, polar molecules (glucose, amino acids), or ions move through protein channels embedded in the membrane. Osmosis: water molecules move through the membrane. ...
Diffusion & Osmosis
... In this picture a red blood cell is put in a glass of distilled water. Because there is a higher concentration of water outside the cell, water enters the cell by OSMOSIS. In this case too much water enters and the cell swells to the point of bursting open. ...
... In this picture a red blood cell is put in a glass of distilled water. Because there is a higher concentration of water outside the cell, water enters the cell by OSMOSIS. In this case too much water enters and the cell swells to the point of bursting open. ...
WP - edl.io
... A cell membrane is electrically charged or polarized so that the inside is negatively charged with respect to the outside. This polarization is due to an unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on either side of the membrane. The outer surface of the neuron membrane consists of many posit ...
... A cell membrane is electrically charged or polarized so that the inside is negatively charged with respect to the outside. This polarization is due to an unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on either side of the membrane. The outer surface of the neuron membrane consists of many posit ...
Chapter 49 and 50 Presentations-Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
... triggers changes in membrane voltage that has been set up by sodium potassium pumps within the neuron’s cell membrane. Disruptions in the resting membrane potential result in propagation of the action potential. ...
... triggers changes in membrane voltage that has been set up by sodium potassium pumps within the neuron’s cell membrane. Disruptions in the resting membrane potential result in propagation of the action potential. ...
Characterization and Functional Analysis of Rice Outward Rectifier
... potassium channel). Two potassium channels play important roles in guard cell movement and potassium uploading. However, in monocot crops those genes were not studied well. In order to identify functionally the two similar outward potassium channels in rice, we isolated the promoter regions of the t ...
... potassium channel). Two potassium channels play important roles in guard cell movement and potassium uploading. However, in monocot crops those genes were not studied well. In order to identify functionally the two similar outward potassium channels in rice, we isolated the promoter regions of the t ...
Active - cloudfront.net
... • Sodium-Potassium Pump-transports Na+ & K+ ions up their concentration gradients • Usually pumps potassium into the cell. • Conduction of nerve impulses. • ATP supplies the energy that drives the pump • Sodium Potassium Pump • Pump ...
... • Sodium-Potassium Pump-transports Na+ & K+ ions up their concentration gradients • Usually pumps potassium into the cell. • Conduction of nerve impulses. • ATP supplies the energy that drives the pump • Sodium Potassium Pump • Pump ...
Special Senses
... a) basilar membrane -separates cochlear duct from scala tympani b) vestibular membrane -separates scala vestibuli from cochlear duct ...
... a) basilar membrane -separates cochlear duct from scala tympani b) vestibular membrane -separates scala vestibuli from cochlear duct ...
24.7 Structure of Cell Membranes
... across a cell membrane without the use of energy, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. • Simple diffusion: Passive transport by the random motion of diffusion through the cell membrane or through channel proteins. Lipid soluble and small hydrophilic molecules mov ...
... across a cell membrane without the use of energy, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. • Simple diffusion: Passive transport by the random motion of diffusion through the cell membrane or through channel proteins. Lipid soluble and small hydrophilic molecules mov ...
Transport Proteins
... gradient, and the transport requires no energy • Some transport proteins, however, can move solutes against their concentration gradients The Need for Energy in Active Transport • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradients • Active transport requires energy, usually in t ...
... gradient, and the transport requires no energy • Some transport proteins, however, can move solutes against their concentration gradients The Need for Energy in Active Transport • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradients • Active transport requires energy, usually in t ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.