Nervous Systems - Western Washington University
... Describe the increasing complexity that likely reflects the stages in the evolution of nervous systems. Differentiate between inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and the generation of a grand synaptic potential Differentiate between synaptic potentials and action potentials ...
... Describe the increasing complexity that likely reflects the stages in the evolution of nervous systems. Differentiate between inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and the generation of a grand synaptic potential Differentiate between synaptic potentials and action potentials ...
are involved in a few types of action potentials
... of excitable membrane, the resulting currents can trigger action potentials on neighboring stretches of membrane, precipitating a domino-like propagation. In contrast to passive spread of electric potentials (electrotonic potential), action potentials are generated anew along excitable stretches of ...
... of excitable membrane, the resulting currents can trigger action potentials on neighboring stretches of membrane, precipitating a domino-like propagation. In contrast to passive spread of electric potentials (electrotonic potential), action potentials are generated anew along excitable stretches of ...
Lecture #21 Date
... Synapse: neuron junction; space for NT release ***chemical electrical chemical RELAY ...
... Synapse: neuron junction; space for NT release ***chemical electrical chemical RELAY ...
The Nervous System
... depolarizes the cell. If enough “excitation” occurs action potential is the result. Inhibitory synapses—causes membrane to be more permeable to K+ and Cl-, hyperpolarizing the cell. If enough “inhibition” occurs, it is more difficult for an action potential to occur. ...
... depolarizes the cell. If enough “excitation” occurs action potential is the result. Inhibitory synapses—causes membrane to be more permeable to K+ and Cl-, hyperpolarizing the cell. If enough “inhibition” occurs, it is more difficult for an action potential to occur. ...
Exam Name___________________________________
... A) moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients. B) depends on a hydrogen gradient for energy. C) must reestablish ion concentrations after each action potential. D) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization. E) transports sodium ions ...
... A) moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients. B) depends on a hydrogen gradient for energy. C) must reestablish ion concentrations after each action potential. D) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization. E) transports sodium ions ...
Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Reading Guide 48.1
... In this section you will need to recall information about the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Ions are not able to diffuse freely through the membrane because they are charged, and so must pass through protein channels specific for each ion. 8. All cells have a membrane potential acro ...
... In this section you will need to recall information about the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Ions are not able to diffuse freely through the membrane because they are charged, and so must pass through protein channels specific for each ion. 8. All cells have a membrane potential acro ...
KEY Cell Membrane Images
... is from high to low of water. water is from high to _________________________________________________________________________ water potential and low water potential therefore INTO the and therefore OUT _________________________________________________________________________ cell. of the cell. ____ ...
... is from high to low of water. water is from high to _________________________________________________________________________ water potential and low water potential therefore INTO the and therefore OUT _________________________________________________________________________ cell. of the cell. ____ ...
Biology 212: January 30, 2002
... amount will change the membrane potential from positive back to negative Note that an “undershoot” to an even more negative value than the RP occurs because now, the membrane is even more permeable to potassium than it was at rest. All the “passive” channels are still open, plus now, all these add ...
... amount will change the membrane potential from positive back to negative Note that an “undershoot” to an even more negative value than the RP occurs because now, the membrane is even more permeable to potassium than it was at rest. All the “passive” channels are still open, plus now, all these add ...
document
... potassium and chloride ions toward the membrane; electrostatic forces prevent them from crossing it. The balance between potassium and sodium ions in and out of the neuron is maintained ...
... potassium and chloride ions toward the membrane; electrostatic forces prevent them from crossing it. The balance between potassium and sodium ions in and out of the neuron is maintained ...
Topic 21: COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS
... Most ion channels are highly selective for the ion that each transports; thus, there are potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium etc channels. Also, for each ion there may be passive, voltage-gated & chemically-gated channels ( ca., voltage-gated K+channel) Excitation (fig. 48.8)- a neuron receives som ...
... Most ion channels are highly selective for the ion that each transports; thus, there are potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium etc channels. Also, for each ion there may be passive, voltage-gated & chemically-gated channels ( ca., voltage-gated K+channel) Excitation (fig. 48.8)- a neuron receives som ...
Ch 48 Nervous System
... 2.Interneurons: information integration; located in CNS. Synapse only with other neurons. ...
... 2.Interneurons: information integration; located in CNS. Synapse only with other neurons. ...
How Do Muscles Work?
... ACh binding the AChatbinding at the motor andmotor plate and plate The binding of ACh to the receptors increases the membrane permeability to sodium ions. Sodium ions then rush into the cell. ...
... ACh binding the AChatbinding at the motor andmotor plate and plate The binding of ACh to the receptors increases the membrane permeability to sodium ions. Sodium ions then rush into the cell. ...
9.01 Exam #1 September 27, 2004 30 multiple
... tamping iron through his head. (This tamping iron was 3’7" long, 1.25" in diameter, and weighed 13.5 lbs.) He miraculously survived the incident. Which glial cells might have played a large role in his defiance of death? a) Schwann cells b) oligodendrocytes c) microglia d) astrocytes 3) Knowing wha ...
... tamping iron through his head. (This tamping iron was 3’7" long, 1.25" in diameter, and weighed 13.5 lbs.) He miraculously survived the incident. Which glial cells might have played a large role in his defiance of death? a) Schwann cells b) oligodendrocytes c) microglia d) astrocytes 3) Knowing wha ...
Neurones & the Action Potential
... is a difference in electrical charges on the outside and inside of the plasma membrane. The outside has a positive charge and the inside has a negative charge. http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/ion_pump/ionpump.html ...
... is a difference in electrical charges on the outside and inside of the plasma membrane. The outside has a positive charge and the inside has a negative charge. http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/ion_pump/ionpump.html ...
Nerve Impulse Notes
... • Outside membrane is slightly + • Most membrane channels are closed, there is some normal diffusion of ...
... • Outside membrane is slightly + • Most membrane channels are closed, there is some normal diffusion of ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.