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vamosi and schluter 2004
... that the interactions between the species are mediated through a higher trophic level. Holt (1977) coined the term ‘‘apparent competition’’ to denote the difference between this interaction and resource competition. Alternatively, ‘‘apparent mutualism’’ may emerge in sympatry, leading to parallel de ...
... that the interactions between the species are mediated through a higher trophic level. Holt (1977) coined the term ‘‘apparent competition’’ to denote the difference between this interaction and resource competition. Alternatively, ‘‘apparent mutualism’’ may emerge in sympatry, leading to parallel de ...
Toward an integration of evolutionary biology and ecosystem science
... scientists (e.g. biochemists, physicists) rarely consider how commonly studied ecological processes, such as trophic cascades (Terborgh & Estes 2010), or evolutionary processes, such as phenotypic evolution (Ackerly 2003), influence ecosystem functions. We can achieve a greater integration between e ...
... scientists (e.g. biochemists, physicists) rarely consider how commonly studied ecological processes, such as trophic cascades (Terborgh & Estes 2010), or evolutionary processes, such as phenotypic evolution (Ackerly 2003), influence ecosystem functions. We can achieve a greater integration between e ...
Van Buskirk 2002
... Phenotype and Habitat in Tadpoles ators; and (5) permanent, dangerous fish. Key features of the habitat gradient include an increase in the size and density of predators in more permanent habitats and reduced temporal variability in predators at the ends of the gradient, since very permanent ponds ...
... Phenotype and Habitat in Tadpoles ators; and (5) permanent, dangerous fish. Key features of the habitat gradient include an increase in the size and density of predators in more permanent habitats and reduced temporal variability in predators at the ends of the gradient, since very permanent ponds ...
Dynamics of ecological communities in variable environments
... ecological networks, the loss or even a change in the abundance of one species can cause a dramatic change in the abundance of directly as well as indirectly interacting species. In the worst case an initial loss of one species can cause a cascade of secondary extinctions throughout the community (P ...
... ecological networks, the loss or even a change in the abundance of one species can cause a dramatic change in the abundance of directly as well as indirectly interacting species. In the worst case an initial loss of one species can cause a cascade of secondary extinctions throughout the community (P ...
BDOL – Chapter #2 – Principles of Ecology
... in the same place at the same time. Members of the same population may compete with each other for food, water, or other resources. Competition occurs only if resources are in short supply. How organisms in a population share the resources of their environment determines how far apart organisms live ...
... in the same place at the same time. Members of the same population may compete with each other for food, water, or other resources. Competition occurs only if resources are in short supply. How organisms in a population share the resources of their environment determines how far apart organisms live ...
Small-mammal herbivore control of secondary succession in New
... relative importance varies due to environmental drivers. Across estuarine salinity gradients, physical stress increases with salinity, and biotic stresses are greater at lower salinities. In southern New England tidal marshes spanning a landscape-scale salinity gradient, we experimentally examined t ...
... relative importance varies due to environmental drivers. Across estuarine salinity gradients, physical stress increases with salinity, and biotic stresses are greater at lower salinities. In southern New England tidal marshes spanning a landscape-scale salinity gradient, we experimentally examined t ...
Powerpoint
... • Less likely to be forbs. • More likely to be perennial, monoecious, self-incompatible, shrubs, and trees. • Above traits are related. • Magnitude of Chi Square values suggest that life form may be more important than breeding system or compatibility. ...
... • Less likely to be forbs. • More likely to be perennial, monoecious, self-incompatible, shrubs, and trees. • Above traits are related. • Magnitude of Chi Square values suggest that life form may be more important than breeding system or compatibility. ...
Ecosystem
... 1. List the levels of organization of the biosphere from highest level (biosphere) to the most specific level (niche). BIOSPHERE -> BIOME -> ECOSYSTEM ...
... 1. List the levels of organization of the biosphere from highest level (biosphere) to the most specific level (niche). BIOSPHERE -> BIOME -> ECOSYSTEM ...
Ecological Modelling Mathematical model of livestock and
... field deteriorates. Wildlife is shifted to productively marginal sectors. The farmer prioritizes short-term income above sustaining long-term productivity of the field. This economic rationality creates a negative feedback loop: as productivity decreases, the farmer increases livestock density to tr ...
... field deteriorates. Wildlife is shifted to productively marginal sectors. The farmer prioritizes short-term income above sustaining long-term productivity of the field. This economic rationality creates a negative feedback loop: as productivity decreases, the farmer increases livestock density to tr ...
Secondary succession in overgrazed Pannonian sandy
... conservational problem from 1980s to the mid 1990s and totally devastated above-ground vegetation of these grasslands. The Martinka Pasture, which was subjected to intensive goose farming, was among the most affected and severely damaged sites. This type of management resulted in large-scale degrada ...
... conservational problem from 1980s to the mid 1990s and totally devastated above-ground vegetation of these grasslands. The Martinka Pasture, which was subjected to intensive goose farming, was among the most affected and severely damaged sites. This type of management resulted in large-scale degrada ...
Regeneration of Sponges in Ecological Context: Is Regeneration an
... sponges simply regenerate as quickly as possible, given constraints imposed by skeletal construction, morphology, or other traits that are determined primarily by evolutionary heritage? Does allocation of energy or materials impose trade-offs between regeneration versus competing processes such as g ...
... sponges simply regenerate as quickly as possible, given constraints imposed by skeletal construction, morphology, or other traits that are determined primarily by evolutionary heritage? Does allocation of energy or materials impose trade-offs between regeneration versus competing processes such as g ...
Dynamics
... Contributions of Clements • Defined primary and secondary succession • Popularized a misleading concept often abused: nature will always grow back to its climax state • Immutable pioneer-to-climax sequence brought out critics who saw natural disturbance as overlooked phenomena • Introduced idea t ...
... Contributions of Clements • Defined primary and secondary succession • Popularized a misleading concept often abused: nature will always grow back to its climax state • Immutable pioneer-to-climax sequence brought out critics who saw natural disturbance as overlooked phenomena • Introduced idea t ...
Modeling species fitness in competitive environments
... competition eventually leads to a population with low fitness levels independently of the resource growth rate or initial density and the population is consequently potentially vulnerable to external factors like invasive species or climate change. The dependance of fitness on the death-to-birth rate ...
... competition eventually leads to a population with low fitness levels independently of the resource growth rate or initial density and the population is consequently potentially vulnerable to external factors like invasive species or climate change. The dependance of fitness on the death-to-birth rate ...
Ecological effects of invasive alien insects
... were rarely explored. We review the effects caused by different insect invaders according to: their ecosystem roles, i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites, parasitoids and pollinators; the level of biological organisation at which they occur; and the direct and indirect mechanisms underlying these e ...
... were rarely explored. We review the effects caused by different insect invaders according to: their ecosystem roles, i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites, parasitoids and pollinators; the level of biological organisation at which they occur; and the direct and indirect mechanisms underlying these e ...
Coevolutionary dynamics of adaptive radiation for food
... Introduction The present biological communities being ultimately derived from a universal ancestor through repeated speciation is a widespread idea (Di Giulio 2001). The evolutionary history seems to have been influenced by both external and internal factors. Ecological interaction among organisms ( ...
... Introduction The present biological communities being ultimately derived from a universal ancestor through repeated speciation is a widespread idea (Di Giulio 2001). The evolutionary history seems to have been influenced by both external and internal factors. Ecological interaction among organisms ( ...
Studying insect diversity in the tropics
... impressive that information on host-plant family for over 50% of Malayo-Bornean butter£ies is now available. Fiedler found no di¡erence in host-plant range (measured by the number of families used) between tropical and temperate species, with even a suggestion in some groups of higher polyphagy in t ...
... impressive that information on host-plant family for over 50% of Malayo-Bornean butter£ies is now available. Fiedler found no di¡erence in host-plant range (measured by the number of families used) between tropical and temperate species, with even a suggestion in some groups of higher polyphagy in t ...
The role of plant species in biomass production and response to
... variance of the residuals of the repeated measures model. Nine species significantly altered belowground biomass (Fig. 2), ranging from )260 g m)2 (Lupinus June 2001) to +830 g m)2 (Poa June 2001). These included three C3 grasses, two C4 grasses, two forbs, and two legumes. The effects of the presen ...
... variance of the residuals of the repeated measures model. Nine species significantly altered belowground biomass (Fig. 2), ranging from )260 g m)2 (Lupinus June 2001) to +830 g m)2 (Poa June 2001). These included three C3 grasses, two C4 grasses, two forbs, and two legumes. The effects of the presen ...
Lessons from primary succession for restoration of severely
... (e.g., old field succession; Cramer & Hobbs 2007). Third, in many severely disrupted ecosystems, particularly those dominated by long-lived organisms such as trees, shifts in vegetative composition are slow (hundreds to thousands of years). Primary succession is an important approach to these longter ...
... (e.g., old field succession; Cramer & Hobbs 2007). Third, in many severely disrupted ecosystems, particularly those dominated by long-lived organisms such as trees, shifts in vegetative composition are slow (hundreds to thousands of years). Primary succession is an important approach to these longter ...
Lessons from primary succession for restoration of severely
... (e.g., old field succession; Cramer & Hobbs 2007). Third, in many severely disrupted ecosystems, particularly those dominated by long-lived organisms such as trees, shifts in vegetative composition are slow (hundreds to thousands of years). Primary succession is an important approach to these longter ...
... (e.g., old field succession; Cramer & Hobbs 2007). Third, in many severely disrupted ecosystems, particularly those dominated by long-lived organisms such as trees, shifts in vegetative composition are slow (hundreds to thousands of years). Primary succession is an important approach to these longter ...
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment The
... 2012). For example, biodiversity in itself may not be a service, but its maintenance can be. It has recently been argued that biodiversity and ecosystem services have a multi-layered relationship (Mace et al., 2012). Biodiversity can be a good valued in economic terms at one level, while at another ...
... 2012). For example, biodiversity in itself may not be a service, but its maintenance can be. It has recently been argued that biodiversity and ecosystem services have a multi-layered relationship (Mace et al., 2012). Biodiversity can be a good valued in economic terms at one level, while at another ...
Regeneration of Sponges in Ecological Context
... sponges simply regenerate as quickly as possible, given constraints imposed by skeletal construction, morphology, or other traits that are determined primarily by evolutionary heritage? Does allocation of energy or materials impose trade-offs between regeneration versus competing processes such as g ...
... sponges simply regenerate as quickly as possible, given constraints imposed by skeletal construction, morphology, or other traits that are determined primarily by evolutionary heritage? Does allocation of energy or materials impose trade-offs between regeneration versus competing processes such as g ...
RevShtExIB160
... look for this type of growth. Define exponential population growth and describe how a graph of individuals vs. time would look for this type of growth. Define the term carrying capacity and state the units of this value. Name two ways (biotic or abiotic causes) that the carrying capacity of fish in ...
... look for this type of growth. Define exponential population growth and describe how a graph of individuals vs. time would look for this type of growth. Define the term carrying capacity and state the units of this value. Name two ways (biotic or abiotic causes) that the carrying capacity of fish in ...
The Interplay of Biotic and Abiotic Factors in a Semiarid
... Arid systems offer unusual opportunities to investigate these hypotheses because of high variability of rainfall both within and between years. In the Western Hemisphere. arid regions often have high rainfall associated with El Nifio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. leading to shifting conditions ...
... Arid systems offer unusual opportunities to investigate these hypotheses because of high variability of rainfall both within and between years. In the Western Hemisphere. arid regions often have high rainfall associated with El Nifio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. leading to shifting conditions ...
Biogeography and the structure of coral reef fish communities on
... In comparison to similar-sized mainland areas, islands tend to support fewer species and higher local abundances (MacArthur & Wilson, 1963, 1967; MacArthur et al., 1972). Isolated island communities typically contain a higher proportion of local endemics (Whittaker, 1998) and a greater representatio ...
... In comparison to similar-sized mainland areas, islands tend to support fewer species and higher local abundances (MacArthur & Wilson, 1963, 1967; MacArthur et al., 1972). Isolated island communities typically contain a higher proportion of local endemics (Whittaker, 1998) and a greater representatio ...
Evaluating the role of ecological isolation in maintaining the species
... mechanism is obvious: if two species occur in different habitats, gene flow between them will inevitable be reduced. Ecological isolation may occur through genetic differences in habitat preferences such as altitude (Ramsey et al. 2003; James and Abbott 2005; Kimball 2008), and is susceptible to ant ...
... mechanism is obvious: if two species occur in different habitats, gene flow between them will inevitable be reduced. Ecological isolation may occur through genetic differences in habitat preferences such as altitude (Ramsey et al. 2003; James and Abbott 2005; Kimball 2008), and is susceptible to ant ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.