Glycogen Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... • In the “resting” state, Gα is bound to the Gβ-Gγ dimer. Gα contains the nucleotide binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. • Binding of the extracellular signal by the GPCR causes it to under ...
... • In the “resting” state, Gα is bound to the Gβ-Gγ dimer. Gα contains the nucleotide binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. • Binding of the extracellular signal by the GPCR causes it to under ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... Therefore, the thermosensory neural pathways from skin thermoreceptors to the POA are thought to mediate the feedforward signaling to elicit thermoregulatory responses to thermal disturbances from the environment (Fig. 1A) (64), as well as, to some extent, feedback signaling to return information on ...
... Therefore, the thermosensory neural pathways from skin thermoreceptors to the POA are thought to mediate the feedforward signaling to elicit thermoregulatory responses to thermal disturbances from the environment (Fig. 1A) (64), as well as, to some extent, feedback signaling to return information on ...
Human Nervous System
... • The cranial nerves are arranged in 12 pairs, so the two nerves on a pair are identical in function and structure. • These nerves serve both sensory and motor functions. ...
... • The cranial nerves are arranged in 12 pairs, so the two nerves on a pair are identical in function and structure. • These nerves serve both sensory and motor functions. ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... TC neurons posses a large set of intrinsic currents that enable them to contribute to the various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC curren ...
... TC neurons posses a large set of intrinsic currents that enable them to contribute to the various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC curren ...
The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning
... leftmost column shows 3 neurons that encode target and hand position separably, in eye coordinates. Each cell is tuned for a target location in the upper visual field but one responds to rightward position (the top cell), another center, and the third leftward (bottom cell). These cells are also tun ...
... leftmost column shows 3 neurons that encode target and hand position separably, in eye coordinates. Each cell is tuned for a target location in the upper visual field but one responds to rightward position (the top cell), another center, and the third leftward (bottom cell). These cells are also tun ...
A coincidence detector neural network model of selective attention
... In addition to influence from top-down spatial goals, the neural activation of each stimulus is progressively modulated by top-down signals of semantic information. We propose that a correlation control mechanism that includes coincidence detector neurons determines the correlation between semantic ...
... In addition to influence from top-down spatial goals, the neural activation of each stimulus is progressively modulated by top-down signals of semantic information. We propose that a correlation control mechanism that includes coincidence detector neurons determines the correlation between semantic ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription, posttranslational modification, and trafficking are on par with what is known about ion channels. The cell-specific and subcellul ...
... Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription, posttranslational modification, and trafficking are on par with what is known about ion channels. The cell-specific and subcellul ...
Amino Acids Objectives
... levels of amino acids whose metabolism will generate ammonia. Acetyl-CoA + glutamate → N-acetylglutamate + CoA 13. Explain why ammonia is toxic. Explain the elements of inter-organ metabolism that contribute to the self-perpetuating nature of ammonia intoxication. It alters the production of neurotr ...
... levels of amino acids whose metabolism will generate ammonia. Acetyl-CoA + glutamate → N-acetylglutamate + CoA 13. Explain why ammonia is toxic. Explain the elements of inter-organ metabolism that contribute to the self-perpetuating nature of ammonia intoxication. It alters the production of neurotr ...
Rapid Alterations in Diffusion-weighted Images with Anatomic
... Image analysis was performed for each rat on a single slice immediately anterior to the slice where the hippocampus can be seen curling inferiorly. This position corresponded approximately to bregma 23.60 mm and maximized the cross-sectional area of each ROI (Fig 1) (21). Cheshire image processing s ...
... Image analysis was performed for each rat on a single slice immediately anterior to the slice where the hippocampus can be seen curling inferiorly. This position corresponded approximately to bregma 23.60 mm and maximized the cross-sectional area of each ROI (Fig 1) (21). Cheshire image processing s ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... analysis of odor storage in piriform cortex through formation of associations between different components of an odor in anterior piriform cortex, and self-organization of additional odor responses in the posterior piriform cortex. The model draws on extensive previous anatomic and physiological rese ...
... analysis of odor storage in piriform cortex through formation of associations between different components of an odor in anterior piriform cortex, and self-organization of additional odor responses in the posterior piriform cortex. The model draws on extensive previous anatomic and physiological rese ...
Molecular Pathways of Endoplasmic Reticulum
... a) Ca2+ entry from extracellular space and b) interplay between the intracellular Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ binding mechanisms. The balance between regulated Ca2+ entry and toxicity of the Ca2+ overload plays a major role in the evolution of cellular Ca2+-dependent signal mechanisms activated by transduc ...
... a) Ca2+ entry from extracellular space and b) interplay between the intracellular Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ binding mechanisms. The balance between regulated Ca2+ entry and toxicity of the Ca2+ overload plays a major role in the evolution of cellular Ca2+-dependent signal mechanisms activated by transduc ...
neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events
... a particular stimulus after previous exposure to that stimulus13,14. Although adaptation has generally been studied with long-adapting stimulus durations of several seconds in the anaesthetized cat, it also affects neural responses in the visual cortex of awake monkeys15. Adaptation seems to share m ...
... a particular stimulus after previous exposure to that stimulus13,14. Although adaptation has generally been studied with long-adapting stimulus durations of several seconds in the anaesthetized cat, it also affects neural responses in the visual cortex of awake monkeys15. Adaptation seems to share m ...
The Peripheral Nervous System
... skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down the contractions of smooth muscles in the digestive system. ...
... skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down the contractions of smooth muscles in the digestive system. ...
The Neurochemistry of GALP: Where Form Meets
... • Galanin-like peptide (GALP): neuropeptide; only expressed in a small number of neurons within the hypothalamus • GALP expression is drastically reduced during fasting, anorexia, and diabetes. • GALP acts to alter food intake and metabolic rate, and it also functions to stimulate reproductive physi ...
... • Galanin-like peptide (GALP): neuropeptide; only expressed in a small number of neurons within the hypothalamus • GALP expression is drastically reduced during fasting, anorexia, and diabetes. • GALP acts to alter food intake and metabolic rate, and it also functions to stimulate reproductive physi ...
PhD Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... The process leading the anterior neural plate to the specification of pallial and subpallial territories implies the determination and the specification of telencephalic identities along the R-C and D-V axis. At E7 the early R-C patterning of the anterior neural tissue (anterior neural induction) i ...
... The process leading the anterior neural plate to the specification of pallial and subpallial territories implies the determination and the specification of telencephalic identities along the R-C and D-V axis. At E7 the early R-C patterning of the anterior neural tissue (anterior neural induction) i ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
Increased Anxiety 3 Months after Brief Exposure to MDMA
... Male Wistar rats were treated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) using either a high dose (4 5 mg/kg over 4 h) or low dose (1 5 mg/kg over 4 h) regimen on each of 2 consecutive days. After 10 weeks, rats were tested in the social interaction and emergence tests of anxiety. ...
... Male Wistar rats were treated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) using either a high dose (4 5 mg/kg over 4 h) or low dose (1 5 mg/kg over 4 h) regimen on each of 2 consecutive days. After 10 weeks, rats were tested in the social interaction and emergence tests of anxiety. ...
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
... from various areas belonging to the ‘dorsal visual stream’ (among them areas MST and MT) that are involved in the analysis of optic flow and motion (Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983; Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986; Boussaoud et al., 1990). In addition, VIP receives somatosensory information from areas P ...
... from various areas belonging to the ‘dorsal visual stream’ (among them areas MST and MT) that are involved in the analysis of optic flow and motion (Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983; Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986; Boussaoud et al., 1990). In addition, VIP receives somatosensory information from areas P ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
Two-photon imaging and analysis of neural network dynamics
... of neuronal network activity in vivo. We devised a special random-access pattern scanning mode, in which each cell within a preselected group of neurons is sampled with a small pattern of scan points (total dwell time about 50 µs), and achieved measurements from about 30–80 neurons at 200– 500 Hz sa ...
... of neuronal network activity in vivo. We devised a special random-access pattern scanning mode, in which each cell within a preselected group of neurons is sampled with a small pattern of scan points (total dwell time about 50 µs), and achieved measurements from about 30–80 neurons at 200– 500 Hz sa ...
Transgenic mice overexpressing the full
... receptor is induced by antidepressant drugs and is required for antidepressant-induced behavioral effects (Saarelainen et al., 2003). BDNF mouse mutants present higher anxiety levels when evaluated using the light/dark test and are hyperactive after exposure to stressors (Rios et al., 2001), althoug ...
... receptor is induced by antidepressant drugs and is required for antidepressant-induced behavioral effects (Saarelainen et al., 2003). BDNF mouse mutants present higher anxiety levels when evaluated using the light/dark test and are hyperactive after exposure to stressors (Rios et al., 2001), althoug ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... onset19,20. The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus measures day length by controlling melatonin production in the pineal gland. The duration of the nocturnal elevation in melatonin encodes day length, and melatonin receptors in the thalamus and hypothalamus transduce this signal to GnRH ...
... onset19,20. The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus measures day length by controlling melatonin production in the pineal gland. The duration of the nocturnal elevation in melatonin encodes day length, and melatonin receptors in the thalamus and hypothalamus transduce this signal to GnRH ...
Module 1 - Doral Academy Preparatory
... • A transmitter is a chemical messenger that transmits information between nerves and body organs, such as muscles and heart • Excitatory and Inhibitory – excitatory transmitters • open chemical locks and turn on neurons ...
... • A transmitter is a chemical messenger that transmits information between nerves and body organs, such as muscles and heart • Excitatory and Inhibitory – excitatory transmitters • open chemical locks and turn on neurons ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.