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How trophic interaction strength depends on traits
... Observations show that food webs possess many more weak than strong trophic links (Kenny and Loehle 1991; Ulanowicz and Wolff 1991). We thus adopt a logarithmic scale for link strength by developing our framework in terms of ln arc . (Should arc have a unit, the unit is removed by division with a no ...
... Observations show that food webs possess many more weak than strong trophic links (Kenny and Loehle 1991; Ulanowicz and Wolff 1991). We thus adopt a logarithmic scale for link strength by developing our framework in terms of ln arc . (Should arc have a unit, the unit is removed by division with a no ...
The impact of nitrogen deposition on acid grasslands in the Atlantic
... centre of the quadrat using a 5 cm diameter soil auger. All soil samples were bagged and kept cool during transit. Plant-tissue samples were collected from within the vicinity of the quadrats. Approximately two grams (dry weight) of above-ground material were collected for three species: Agrostis ca ...
... centre of the quadrat using a 5 cm diameter soil auger. All soil samples were bagged and kept cool during transit. Plant-tissue samples were collected from within the vicinity of the quadrats. Approximately two grams (dry weight) of above-ground material were collected for three species: Agrostis ca ...
Descriptions of the wildlife species that commonly occur in the
... reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. DISCLAIMER The publishers do not warrant that the information in this report is free f ...
... reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. DISCLAIMER The publishers do not warrant that the information in this report is free f ...
Plan de gestion du Faucon pèlerin anatum/tundrius
... North America south to northern Mexico (White et al. 2002). In Canada, the species breeds in all provinces and territories except Prince Edward Island (COSEWIC 2007). It has a disjunct distribution, and its boundaries have yet to be described (COSEWIC 2007). The species winters from southern Canada ...
... North America south to northern Mexico (White et al. 2002). In Canada, the species breeds in all provinces and territories except Prince Edward Island (COSEWIC 2007). It has a disjunct distribution, and its boundaries have yet to be described (COSEWIC 2007). The species winters from southern Canada ...
Direct and indirect consequences of dominant plants in arid
... In arid environments, dominant woody plants such as shrubs or trees, usually facilitate a high density of species in their understories. This phenomemon is composed by a series of direct and indirect effects from the dominant plant to the understory species, and among understory species. The aim of ...
... In arid environments, dominant woody plants such as shrubs or trees, usually facilitate a high density of species in their understories. This phenomemon is composed by a series of direct and indirect effects from the dominant plant to the understory species, and among understory species. The aim of ...
Book Review: Invasive Pythons in the United States by Michael E
... than 40 years, it exists outside of captivity only in extreme south Florida --- not all over the United States. Not one word of the manuscript would have to be changed if the book were titled “Burmese pythons in South Florida.” However, there is no doubt that the title, as published, lends much more ...
... than 40 years, it exists outside of captivity only in extreme south Florida --- not all over the United States. Not one word of the manuscript would have to be changed if the book were titled “Burmese pythons in South Florida.” However, there is no doubt that the title, as published, lends much more ...
ppt
... “The extraordinary diversity of the terrestrial fauna, which is much greater than that of the marine fauna, is clearly due largely to the diversity provided by terrestrial plants… on the whole the problem still remains, but in the new form: Why are there so many kinds of plants?” Hutchinson (1959) “ ...
... “The extraordinary diversity of the terrestrial fauna, which is much greater than that of the marine fauna, is clearly due largely to the diversity provided by terrestrial plants… on the whole the problem still remains, but in the new form: Why are there so many kinds of plants?” Hutchinson (1959) “ ...
A Shelterwood Method for Regenerating Red
... of regeneration to new stands are now available (Loftis 1988, Sander et al. 1984). Advance reproduction is perhaps a more important source of regeneration for red oak in the Southem Appalachians than for other upland oaks. Other upland oaks typically occur on somewhat poorer quality sites, where mat ...
... of regeneration to new stands are now available (Loftis 1988, Sander et al. 1984). Advance reproduction is perhaps a more important source of regeneration for red oak in the Southem Appalachians than for other upland oaks. Other upland oaks typically occur on somewhat poorer quality sites, where mat ...
Everything is Illuminated: A Teacher`s Guide to Fireflies
... Fireflies are winged beetles! They’re not actually flies, as their name suggests. True flies, from the order Diptera, have only one pair of wings. Fireflies have two pairs of wings. Most fireflies are brown in color and have soft bodies. Their elytra (wing coverings) are more leathery than in most b ...
... Fireflies are winged beetles! They’re not actually flies, as their name suggests. True flies, from the order Diptera, have only one pair of wings. Fireflies have two pairs of wings. Most fireflies are brown in color and have soft bodies. Their elytra (wing coverings) are more leathery than in most b ...
Why Do Diurnal Moths Have Ears?
... at night when it is necessary to detect bats. The actograms suggest that all of the moths that we studied spend a considerable amount of time flying when bats are active. Surveys made at a local colony of 800–1000 Little Brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) indicate that nightly foraging for this common sp ...
... at night when it is necessary to detect bats. The actograms suggest that all of the moths that we studied spend a considerable amount of time flying when bats are active. Surveys made at a local colony of 800–1000 Little Brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) indicate that nightly foraging for this common sp ...
CHAPTER 4-6 INVERTEBRATES: ROTIFER
... adaptations are difficult to define. The few adaptations that do exist include protection from predation among planktonic species. Differences in structure of the trophus seem to facilitate differences in food type. Even in extreme environments, the differences don't seem to correlate with the habit ...
... adaptations are difficult to define. The few adaptations that do exist include protection from predation among planktonic species. Differences in structure of the trophus seem to facilitate differences in food type. Even in extreme environments, the differences don't seem to correlate with the habit ...
The Dynamics of Location: Influence of Predation by
... Every freshwater organism chooses a location based on a balance between the chemical and physical characteristics of the body of water they inhabit with its food concentrations and areas of predation risk. All of these components of a body of water can be dynamic, and may fluctuate over time. The pr ...
... Every freshwater organism chooses a location based on a balance between the chemical and physical characteristics of the body of water they inhabit with its food concentrations and areas of predation risk. All of these components of a body of water can be dynamic, and may fluctuate over time. The pr ...
Identifying OSPAR Threatened and/or Declining Species and
... An OSPAR MPA as defined by the OSPAR Commission (2003a) is “an area within the [OSPAR] maritime area for which protective, conservation, restorative or precautionary measures, consistent with international law have been instituted for the purpose of protecting and conserving species, habitats, ecosy ...
... An OSPAR MPA as defined by the OSPAR Commission (2003a) is “an area within the [OSPAR] maritime area for which protective, conservation, restorative or precautionary measures, consistent with international law have been instituted for the purpose of protecting and conserving species, habitats, ecosy ...
Conference program and abstracts. International - CITA-A
... including congeners. Introduced to many islands worldwide, and to the South American mainland, it is the only carnivore except in South America, on Trinidad, and on several Adriatic islands. On all but Adriatic islands, it is generally larger than in Asia, consistent with the hypothesis of character ...
... including congeners. Introduced to many islands worldwide, and to the South American mainland, it is the only carnivore except in South America, on Trinidad, and on several Adriatic islands. On all but Adriatic islands, it is generally larger than in Asia, consistent with the hypothesis of character ...
Parasites, density, and disturbance: Factors influencing coexistence
... Cerithidea californica and Batillaria attramentaria coexist in approximately equal densities (Byers, in prep., McDermott, pers. obs.). Sympatric and allopatric subpopulations are scattered along the eastern bank with the largest sympatric subpopulation located in a marsh ("south marsh") at the lagoo ...
... Cerithidea californica and Batillaria attramentaria coexist in approximately equal densities (Byers, in prep., McDermott, pers. obs.). Sympatric and allopatric subpopulations are scattered along the eastern bank with the largest sympatric subpopulation located in a marsh ("south marsh") at the lagoo ...
aqueous nitrates and larval competition alter disease risk from two
... higher pupation rates in all treatments. Higher nitrate levels in the larval environment resulted in larger A. albopictus females and higher emergence and faster time to emergence for C. pipiens. There were also indications of possible interactions between nitrates and priority effects. These result ...
... higher pupation rates in all treatments. Higher nitrate levels in the larval environment resulted in larger A. albopictus females and higher emergence and faster time to emergence for C. pipiens. There were also indications of possible interactions between nitrates and priority effects. These result ...
habitat connectivity for carnivores in mediterranean landscapes
... carnivores preferred larger passages with vegetation close to the entrances, favorable habitat in the vicinity, and low human disturbance. This study also showed that the likelihood of stone marten occupancy decreased with distance to source areas and increased with patch size. We found an increased ...
... carnivores preferred larger passages with vegetation close to the entrances, favorable habitat in the vicinity, and low human disturbance. This study also showed that the likelihood of stone marten occupancy decreased with distance to source areas and increased with patch size. We found an increased ...
Effects of seagrass landscape structure, structural complexity and
... (Ruppia maritima) and minor amounts of macroalgae. Seagrass coverage ranged from highly patchy (13% cover) dune-like beds to continuous (100% cover) low-relief beds within 18 replicate 50 × 50 m plots. Twelve species (8 decapods and 4 fishes) made up 95% or more of the catch, and densities of nearly ...
... (Ruppia maritima) and minor amounts of macroalgae. Seagrass coverage ranged from highly patchy (13% cover) dune-like beds to continuous (100% cover) low-relief beds within 18 replicate 50 × 50 m plots. Twelve species (8 decapods and 4 fishes) made up 95% or more of the catch, and densities of nearly ...
The effect of rabbits on conservation values
... Rogers (1994) examined the combined effects of rabbits and hares in red tussock/hard tussock grassland at three sites in the central North Island. Vegetation was monitored in three paired exclosure plots open to all grazing in the control plots, and the exclosures subdivided to exclude all herbivore ...
... Rogers (1994) examined the combined effects of rabbits and hares in red tussock/hard tussock grassland at three sites in the central North Island. Vegetation was monitored in three paired exclosure plots open to all grazing in the control plots, and the exclosures subdivided to exclude all herbivore ...
Lophius in the world: a synthesis on the common features and life
... Populations of L. americanus are relatively homogeneous genetically along the US east coast, with the level of polymorphism within populations as low as that between populations (Chikarmane et al., 2000). Smith and Fujio (1982) also reported a very low level of genetic variation in L. litulon, but h ...
... Populations of L. americanus are relatively homogeneous genetically along the US east coast, with the level of polymorphism within populations as low as that between populations (Chikarmane et al., 2000). Smith and Fujio (1982) also reported a very low level of genetic variation in L. litulon, but h ...
Linking fungal communities to wood density loss after 12 years of
... operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness had only a minor effect on the log biomass. Although the communities were OTU rich (190–340 OTUs per log), the majority of OTUs were infrequent or rare; wood degradation therefore depended mostly on the most abundant OTUs and their decomposing abilities. The ...
... operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness had only a minor effect on the log biomass. Although the communities were OTU rich (190–340 OTUs per log), the majority of OTUs were infrequent or rare; wood degradation therefore depended mostly on the most abundant OTUs and their decomposing abilities. The ...
Plant Patterning across the Swan Coastal Plain
... FORRESTFIELD COMPLEX : Vegetation ranges from open forest of E. calophylla - E. wandoo - E. marginata to open forest of E. marginata - E. calophylla - C. fraseriana - Banksia species. Fringing woodland of E. rudis in the gullies that dissect this landform. Photo: Greg Keighery ...
... FORRESTFIELD COMPLEX : Vegetation ranges from open forest of E. calophylla - E. wandoo - E. marginata to open forest of E. marginata - E. calophylla - C. fraseriana - Banksia species. Fringing woodland of E. rudis in the gullies that dissect this landform. Photo: Greg Keighery ...
potential mechanisms underlying the displacement of native red
... displace several species of native ranid frogs throughout its introduced range. Although this pattern is well known, the underlying mechanism of displacement remains unclear. Previous work has suggested that interactions with bullfrogs may contribute to the population decline of native red-legged fr ...
... displace several species of native ranid frogs throughout its introduced range. Although this pattern is well known, the underlying mechanism of displacement remains unclear. Previous work has suggested that interactions with bullfrogs may contribute to the population decline of native red-legged fr ...
Bifrenaria
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bifrenaria_tyrianthina_Orchi_01.jpg?width=300)
Bifrenaria, abbreviated Bif. in horticultural trade, is a genus of plant in family Orchidaceae. It contains 20 species found in Panama, Trinidad and South America. There are no known uses for them, but their abundant, and at first glance artificial, flowers, make them favorites of orchid growers.The genus can be split in two clearly distinct groups: one of highly robust plants with large flowers, that encompass the first species to be classified under the genus Bifrenaria; other of more delicate plants with smaller flowers occasionally classified as Stenocoryne or Adipe. There are two additional species that are normally classified as Bifrenaria, but which molecular analysis indicate to belong to different orchid groups entirely. One is Bifrenaria grandis which is endemic to Bolívia and which is now placed in Lacaena, and Bifrenaria steyermarkii, an inhabitant of the northern Amazon Forest, which does not have an alternative classification.