here for U12 text. - Iowa State University
... Continuous or discrete state space: The state space is the values assumed by the random variables comprising the process. The state space may also be either discrete or continuous. If the values assumed by the random variables must be integer (and are therefore countable), then we say that the rando ...
... Continuous or discrete state space: The state space is the values assumed by the random variables comprising the process. The state space may also be either discrete or continuous. If the values assumed by the random variables must be integer (and are therefore countable), then we say that the rando ...
Dismissal of the illusion of uncertainty in the assessment of a
... been found at the crime scene and that DNA analyses performed by a forensic laboratory have led it to report a match E between the genetic profiles characterizing the recovered material, y, and the control material x found on a suspect, respectively. The competing propositions of interest to the Cou ...
... been found at the crime scene and that DNA analyses performed by a forensic laboratory have led it to report a match E between the genetic profiles characterizing the recovered material, y, and the control material x found on a suspect, respectively. The competing propositions of interest to the Cou ...
THE INVARIANCE APPROACH TO THE PROBABILISTIC ENCODING OF INFORMATION by
... states of information is always an approximation . No two distinct situations can be the same in all aspects . Where more than one individual is concerned we must consider the difference in background . Two people will judge a given situation on the basis of information and prior experiences that ar ...
... states of information is always an approximation . No two distinct situations can be the same in all aspects . Where more than one individual is concerned we must consider the difference in background . Two people will judge a given situation on the basis of information and prior experiences that ar ...
Randomness
Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events. A random sequence of events, symbols or steps has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination. Individual random events are by definition unpredictable, but in many cases the frequency of different outcomes over a large number of events (or ""trials"") is predictable. For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will occur twice as often as 4. In this view, randomness is a measure of uncertainty of an outcome, rather than haphazardness, and applies to concepts of chance, probability, and information entropy.The fields of mathematics, probability, and statistics use formal definitions of randomness. In statistics, a random variable is an assignment of a numerical value to each possible outcome of an event space. This association facilitates the identification and the calculation of probabilities of the events. Random variables can appear in random sequences. A random process is a sequence of random variables whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern, but follow an evolution described by probability distributions. These and other constructs are extremely useful in probability theory and the various applications of randomness.Randomness is most often used in statistics to signify well-defined statistical properties. Monte Carlo methods, which rely on random input (such as from random number generators or pseudorandom number generators), are important techniques in science, as, for instance, in computational science. By analogy, quasi-Monte Carlo methods use quasirandom number generators.Random selection is a method of selecting items (often called units) from a population where the probability of choosing a specific item is the proportion of those items in the population. For example, with a bowl containing just 10 red marbles and 90 blue marbles, a random selection mechanism would choose a red marble with probability 1/10. Note that a random selection mechanism that selected 10 marbles from this bowl would not necessarily result in 1 red and 9 blue. In situations where a population consists of items that are distinguishable, a random selection mechanism requires equal probabilities for any item to be chosen. That is, if the selection process is such that each member of a population, of say research subjects, has the same probability of being chosen then we can say the selection process is random.