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Biology Notes: The Nervous System and Neurons
Biology Notes: The Nervous System and Neurons

... Putting it ALL Together: Animation with Steps  1. ________________________________________________________________________________________  2. ________________________________________________________________________________________  3. ________________________________________________________________ ...
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THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 460:80–93 (2003)
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 460:80–93 (2003)

... FERNANDO R. NODAL1* AND DOLORES E. LOPEZ2 The cochlear root neurons (CRNs) are thought to mediate the auditory startle reflex (ASR) in the rat, which is widely used as a behavioral model for the investigation of the sensorimotor integration. CRNs project, among other targets, to the nucleus reticula ...
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The Nervous System WS-11A Review Quest

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3-8_NeuronDiversity_SalmaA

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... fMRI paper by Gazzola and co-workers specifically addressed this issue (Gazzola et al. 2007). The results showed that the mirror system was activated strongly by the sight of both human and robotic hand actions, with no significant differences between these two agents. This seems to suggest that the ...
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... • Myelin sheath​–myelin is a special type of cell that wraps around axons to insulate the information that is being sent and helps deliver it faster. just like wrapping tape around a leaky water hose would help water flow down the hose. • Axon terminal​ – the terminal is the site at which informatio ...
Unit 3A–Neural Processing and the Endocrine System
Unit 3A–Neural Processing and the Endocrine System

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ARIEL LEVINE Postdoctoral Associate, The Salk Institute for

... stimulation of MSE neurons is sufficient to drive reliable patterns of activity in multiple motor groups, and we found that the evoked motor patterns vary based on the rostrocaudal location of the stimulated MSE. Thus, the spatial organization of MSE neurons may simplify the computational challenge ...
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Mirror neuron

A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron ""mirrors"" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species. Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system. In humans, brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex.The function of the mirror system is a subject of much speculation. Many researchers in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology consider that this system provides the physiological mechanism for the perception/action coupling (see the common coding theory). They argue that mirror neurons may be important for understanding the actions of other people, and for learning new skills by imitation. Some researchers also speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions, and thus contribute to theory of mind skills, while others relate mirror neurons to language abilities. Neuroscientists such as Marco Iacoboni (UCLA) have argued that mirror neuron systems in the human brain help us understand the actions and intentions of other people. In a study published in March 2005 Iacoboni and his colleagues reported that mirror neurons could discern if another person who was picking up a cup of tea planned to drink from it or clear it from the table. In addition, Iacoboni has argued that mirror neurons are the neural basis of the human capacity for emotions such as empathy.It has also been proposed that problems with the mirror neuron system may underlie cognitive disorders, particularly autism. However the connection between mirror neuron dysfunction and autism is tentative and it remains to be seen how mirror neurons may be related to many of the important characteristics of autism.Despite the excitement generated by these findings, to date, no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions such as imitation. There are neuroscientists who caution that the claims being made for the role of mirror neurons are not supported by adequate research.
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