Binaural Interaction in the Nucleus Laminaris of the Barn Owl: A
... In the auditory system of the barn owl, ITD is analyzed in a separate, hierarchically organized network, the ’time pathway’. The anatomical and physiological features of the first two stations of this pathway, the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and the nucleus laminaris (NL), the first locus ...
... In the auditory system of the barn owl, ITD is analyzed in a separate, hierarchically organized network, the ’time pathway’. The anatomical and physiological features of the first two stations of this pathway, the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and the nucleus laminaris (NL), the first locus ...
embj201488977-sup-0010-Suppl
... engagement in CRH neurons. (A) Secretagogin can affect CRH release either indirectly, by affecting the function of key proteins involved in the vesicle formation and cargo along the axons to the median eminence (“vesicle logistics”), or more directly, by Ca2+-dependent modulation of the exocytosis m ...
... engagement in CRH neurons. (A) Secretagogin can affect CRH release either indirectly, by affecting the function of key proteins involved in the vesicle formation and cargo along the axons to the median eminence (“vesicle logistics”), or more directly, by Ca2+-dependent modulation of the exocytosis m ...
The Endocrine System
... system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. It allows for the voluntary control of our muscles. • Also called the skeletal nervous system. • Walking, running, and jumping- You are using your somatic nervous system. ...
... system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. It allows for the voluntary control of our muscles. • Also called the skeletal nervous system. • Walking, running, and jumping- You are using your somatic nervous system. ...
Neurons
... – The dendrites and cell body of a single neuron often receive EPSPs and IPSPs from the synaptic terminals of thousands of presynaptic neurons – The voltages of all the PSPs that reach the postsynaptic cell body at about the same time are added up, a process called integration – If the excitatory an ...
... – The dendrites and cell body of a single neuron often receive EPSPs and IPSPs from the synaptic terminals of thousands of presynaptic neurons – The voltages of all the PSPs that reach the postsynaptic cell body at about the same time are added up, a process called integration – If the excitatory an ...
From Membrane to Cytoskeleton: Minireview
... During development, neurons migrate and undergo extensive morphological changes necessary to establish functional connections. Extracellular cues function through surface receptors to control signaling pathways whose interplay results in the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and thereby changes in cell ...
... During development, neurons migrate and undergo extensive morphological changes necessary to establish functional connections. Extracellular cues function through surface receptors to control signaling pathways whose interplay results in the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and thereby changes in cell ...
Chapter 48
... A microelectrode is made from a glass capillary tube filled with an electrically conductive salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a ...
... A microelectrode is made from a glass capillary tube filled with an electrically conductive salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a ...
Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... Paralysis = loss of motor function: disorder of ventral root or anterior gray horn Paresthesias = sensory loss: disorder of dorsal root or posterior gray horn -complete transection results in loss of both motor and sensory below injury Paraplegia = sever between T1 and L4, loss of ...
... Paralysis = loss of motor function: disorder of ventral root or anterior gray horn Paresthesias = sensory loss: disorder of dorsal root or posterior gray horn -complete transection results in loss of both motor and sensory below injury Paraplegia = sever between T1 and L4, loss of ...
Reflexes
... The flexor reflex is ipsilateral. Incoming and outgoing impulses are on the same side of the spinal cord. The flexor reflex illustrates another feature of polysynaptic reflex arc. When you withdraw the limb from a painful stimulus, more than one muscle is involved. Several motor neurons simultaneous ...
... The flexor reflex is ipsilateral. Incoming and outgoing impulses are on the same side of the spinal cord. The flexor reflex illustrates another feature of polysynaptic reflex arc. When you withdraw the limb from a painful stimulus, more than one muscle is involved. Several motor neurons simultaneous ...
Chapter Two Line Title Here and Chapter Title Here and Here
... 3. Motor, or efferent, nerves only carry impulses away from the CNS. C. Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the PNS (pp. 490–491). 1. Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers are cell bodies of sensory neurons; ganglia associated with efferent nerve fibers ar ...
... 3. Motor, or efferent, nerves only carry impulses away from the CNS. C. Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the PNS (pp. 490–491). 1. Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers are cell bodies of sensory neurons; ganglia associated with efferent nerve fibers ar ...
9.14 Questions on chapter 1 of Brain Structure and Its
... 1) Describe some basic, multipurpose actions that every animal, even one-celled animals, must be able to perform. 2) How can conduction between cells occur without synaptic connections? Such conduction is found in sponges and in Cnidarians like Hydra. 3) In the very early stages of nervous system ev ...
... 1) Describe some basic, multipurpose actions that every animal, even one-celled animals, must be able to perform. 2) How can conduction between cells occur without synaptic connections? Such conduction is found in sponges and in Cnidarians like Hydra. 3) In the very early stages of nervous system ev ...
THE ELECTRICAL BRAIN
... The key to solving penumbra damage most likely lies among the astrocytes, non-neuronal cells named for their starlike shape. Like nurses, these cells make sure the neurons around them receive a balanced diet of ions, neurotransmitters and growth factors. The astrocytes are themselves coupled to each ...
... The key to solving penumbra damage most likely lies among the astrocytes, non-neuronal cells named for their starlike shape. Like nurses, these cells make sure the neurons around them receive a balanced diet of ions, neurotransmitters and growth factors. The astrocytes are themselves coupled to each ...
The Languages of Neurons: An Analysis of Coding Mechanisms by
... While information processing in the brain is highly complex, each neuron uses a simple code mechanism for transmitting information. This is in the form of temporal electrophysiological action potentials or spikes (S) of about a 1 millisecond (ms) duration that, along with pauses (P) between spikes c ...
... While information processing in the brain is highly complex, each neuron uses a simple code mechanism for transmitting information. This is in the form of temporal electrophysiological action potentials or spikes (S) of about a 1 millisecond (ms) duration that, along with pauses (P) between spikes c ...
Neurons eat glutamate to stay alive
... types may be masking the effects. Nonetheless, it would also be interesting to test such metabolic flexibility in vivo by infusing 13C-labeled glutamate to determine its in vivo use and by isolating specific neuronal cell types from an intact brain. Moreover, it would be interesting to investigate w ...
... types may be masking the effects. Nonetheless, it would also be interesting to test such metabolic flexibility in vivo by infusing 13C-labeled glutamate to determine its in vivo use and by isolating specific neuronal cell types from an intact brain. Moreover, it would be interesting to investigate w ...
Loss of orexin/NARP neurons in human narcolepsy
... mRNA, and cerebrospinal fluid levels of ORX are often reduced in patients with cataplexy. Mice and dogs lacking ORX or ORX receptors display narcolepsy-like symptoms similar to those observed in people. Further, mice and rats with an engineered loss of ORX neurons have a nearly identical narcolepsy ...
... mRNA, and cerebrospinal fluid levels of ORX are often reduced in patients with cataplexy. Mice and dogs lacking ORX or ORX receptors display narcolepsy-like symptoms similar to those observed in people. Further, mice and rats with an engineered loss of ORX neurons have a nearly identical narcolepsy ...
The Nervous System
... Fasciculus gracilis (axon of first-order sensory neuron) Lumbar spinal cord ...
... Fasciculus gracilis (axon of first-order sensory neuron) Lumbar spinal cord ...
Mathematical neuroscience: from neurons to circuits to systems
... positive charge. Diffusive forces drive Kþ out of the cell. The subsequent loss of positive ions leads to a net negative charge inside the membrane. The resulting electrical force attracts positive ions, including those attached to Kþ , back into the cell. The resting potential, also called the equil ...
... positive charge. Diffusive forces drive Kþ out of the cell. The subsequent loss of positive ions leads to a net negative charge inside the membrane. The resulting electrical force attracts positive ions, including those attached to Kþ , back into the cell. The resting potential, also called the equil ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... measure from 20 to 35 mm. These neurons have one or two dendritic trunks which arise from one pole of the cell body. The primary dendrites divide dichotomically next to the soma into secondary dendrites, which in term after a short distance bifurcate, making the dendrites form tufts. The tufted appe ...
... measure from 20 to 35 mm. These neurons have one or two dendritic trunks which arise from one pole of the cell body. The primary dendrites divide dichotomically next to the soma into secondary dendrites, which in term after a short distance bifurcate, making the dendrites form tufts. The tufted appe ...
Field effects in the CNS play functional roles
... the recent work on field effects in the context of their functional roles in neuronal communication, rather than in pathology. As previously, new results with the M-cell system provide insights not otherwise accessible at the single cell level. ...
... the recent work on field effects in the context of their functional roles in neuronal communication, rather than in pathology. As previously, new results with the M-cell system provide insights not otherwise accessible at the single cell level. ...
brawniest.pdf
... Writing in Cell, Shi and colleagues1 provide clues to the process; their results point to a mechanism for establishing cell polarity that functions from embryos to axons. Until now, two classes of proteins have been implicated in establishing neuronal polarity. The first class is involved in remodel ...
... Writing in Cell, Shi and colleagues1 provide clues to the process; their results point to a mechanism for establishing cell polarity that functions from embryos to axons. Until now, two classes of proteins have been implicated in establishing neuronal polarity. The first class is involved in remodel ...
Review Handout
... Neurons are larger on average than in autonomic ganglia Nucleus tends to be centrally placed within the neuron Satellite cells form an almost complete single layer ...
... Neurons are larger on average than in autonomic ganglia Nucleus tends to be centrally placed within the neuron Satellite cells form an almost complete single layer ...
Learning Modules - Medical Gross Anatomy Nervous System
... organelles to provide for general metabolism and cellular maintenance. Second, they have processes specialized to receive(dendrites) and transmit (axons) signals. They have one to many dendrites, some of which have special endings that receive specific types of stimuli, such as pressure or temperatu ...
... organelles to provide for general metabolism and cellular maintenance. Second, they have processes specialized to receive(dendrites) and transmit (axons) signals. They have one to many dendrites, some of which have special endings that receive specific types of stimuli, such as pressure or temperatu ...
SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM
... There is summation, and if the stimulus is strong, it leads to a greater permeability change in the receptor which leads to a large Receptor potential. ...
... There is summation, and if the stimulus is strong, it leads to a greater permeability change in the receptor which leads to a large Receptor potential. ...
Microconnectomics of the Pretectum and Ventral Thalamus in the
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
Chaos and neural dynamics
... key experiments can be used for the analysis. The main results in this avenue are associated with the analysis of the behavior of individual neurons and neural ensembles, which confirms that the dynamics of a collection of neurons is more regular than their individual dynamics. This is true also for ...
... key experiments can be used for the analysis. The main results in this avenue are associated with the analysis of the behavior of individual neurons and neural ensembles, which confirms that the dynamics of a collection of neurons is more regular than their individual dynamics. This is true also for ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.