Social Grants in South Africa - Overseas Development Institute
... fastest increases in decades. Nevertheless, with an official unemployment rate of 26%, a poverty rate estimated at approximately 50%, and one of the most severe measures of inequality in the world, South Africa faces substantial challenges in addressing poverty, inequality and unemployment. While it ...
... fastest increases in decades. Nevertheless, with an official unemployment rate of 26%, a poverty rate estimated at approximately 50%, and one of the most severe measures of inequality in the world, South Africa faces substantial challenges in addressing poverty, inequality and unemployment. While it ...
Unemployment - Economic Literacy in Human Services
... able to cut costs by doing things that make worse less safe or in other ways less appealing for employees. Low unemployment makes this less likely. 2. Who Loses? Business and industry also lose when prolonged unemployment reduces consumer demand for their products. It may be rational for an individu ...
... able to cut costs by doing things that make worse less safe or in other ways less appealing for employees. Low unemployment makes this less likely. 2. Who Loses? Business and industry also lose when prolonged unemployment reduces consumer demand for their products. It may be rational for an individu ...
Full employment and a wage policy of solidarity, report to the 2016
... in the same way for further development of the interaction between the trade union movement’s wage policy, central government fiscal and monetary policy and active labour market policy. Much practical coaxing will also await LO and its affiliates in the future. In the past 20 years wage formation ha ...
... in the same way for further development of the interaction between the trade union movement’s wage policy, central government fiscal and monetary policy and active labour market policy. Much practical coaxing will also await LO and its affiliates in the future. In the past 20 years wage formation ha ...
Reorienting Fiscal Policy after the Great Recession
... assets, rather than being quickly ploughed back into productive investments that have high employment elasticities. Aggregate demand management suffers from other shortcomings, as well (see Tcherneva 2011b), but is nevertheless a crucial policy for establishing a floor to collapsing demand in recess ...
... assets, rather than being quickly ploughed back into productive investments that have high employment elasticities. Aggregate demand management suffers from other shortcomings, as well (see Tcherneva 2011b), but is nevertheless a crucial policy for establishing a floor to collapsing demand in recess ...
View/Open
... tentatively grouped in Table 1 according to their stages in economic development. Singapore, a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ABEAN), is included among the Asian newly industrializing countries ( ANICs). The relative resource endowments of these countries are difficult to meas ...
... tentatively grouped in Table 1 according to their stages in economic development. Singapore, a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ABEAN), is included among the Asian newly industrializing countries ( ANICs). The relative resource endowments of these countries are difficult to meas ...
Slowdown in Productivity: State vs. National Trend
... YiLi Chien is an economist and Paul Morris is a research associate, both at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. For more on Chien’s work, see ...
... YiLi Chien is an economist and Paul Morris is a research associate, both at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. For more on Chien’s work, see ...
By Way of Analogy: The Expansion of the Federal Government
... ple. But the broad picture resulting from alternative adjustments would be similar. The spending data, like the employment data, show a sharp upward ratchet during the New Deal. Then there is a decline in the ratio during the 1940s, produced by the elimination of emergency relief programs and the ra ...
... ple. But the broad picture resulting from alternative adjustments would be similar. The spending data, like the employment data, show a sharp upward ratchet during the New Deal. Then there is a decline in the ratio during the 1940s, produced by the elimination of emergency relief programs and the ra ...
July 1980
... on a rough draft. Except for a few minor changes of wording this version replicates the paper read at the conference. I am grateful to Peter Neary and Pentti Kouri for their illuminating discussion. The research reported here is part of the NBER's research program in International Studies. Any opini ...
... on a rough draft. Except for a few minor changes of wording this version replicates the paper read at the conference. I am grateful to Peter Neary and Pentti Kouri for their illuminating discussion. The research reported here is part of the NBER's research program in International Studies. Any opini ...
Economic Fluctuations, Unemployment, and Inflation
... •The red line shows the usual measure of the unemployment rate. •The blue line shows what it would be if the BLS had counted as unemployed all people who were available for work but not actively looking for jobs and all people who were in part-time jobs but wanted full-time jobs. •The difference bet ...
... •The red line shows the usual measure of the unemployment rate. •The blue line shows what it would be if the BLS had counted as unemployed all people who were available for work but not actively looking for jobs and all people who were in part-time jobs but wanted full-time jobs. •The difference bet ...
Labour market and wage formation in the United States
... repaid in the long run. This could happen only if stabilized markets for mass-production consumer durables existed. This meant that capitalists were ready to invest if they were sure that an appropriate level of demand would exist. If a recession occurred, the propensity to invest decreased dramatic ...
... repaid in the long run. This could happen only if stabilized markets for mass-production consumer durables existed. This meant that capitalists were ready to invest if they were sure that an appropriate level of demand would exist. If a recession occurred, the propensity to invest decreased dramatic ...
Spare capacity and inflation
... much more quickly than expected since last August, and GDP growth has been much stronger than the anaemic progress we have had to bear since the financial crisis. Both of these are, of course, welcome developments. On the other hand, growth in nominal wages has been unusually weak over the past few ...
... much more quickly than expected since last August, and GDP growth has been much stronger than the anaemic progress we have had to bear since the financial crisis. Both of these are, of course, welcome developments. On the other hand, growth in nominal wages has been unusually weak over the past few ...
“standard of livin HOW DO WE MEASURE
... For most of us, standard of living is a know-it-when-I-see-it concept. We might not be able to express it in precise terms, but we think we know it when we see it. Ask us to define it, and we’ll reel off a list of things we associate with living well: a nice car, a pleasant place to live, clothes, f ...
... For most of us, standard of living is a know-it-when-I-see-it concept. We might not be able to express it in precise terms, but we think we know it when we see it. Ask us to define it, and we’ll reel off a list of things we associate with living well: a nice car, a pleasant place to live, clothes, f ...
Advanced Capitalism and Backward Socialism
... its wages were constantly lagging behind prices; that profits were being raised to ever higher levels at the expense of wages and that arms expenditures were consistently being expanded at the expense of expenditure on social services. The general picture is one in which the working class is, and ha ...
... its wages were constantly lagging behind prices; that profits were being raised to ever higher levels at the expense of wages and that arms expenditures were consistently being expanded at the expense of expenditure on social services. The general picture is one in which the working class is, and ha ...
Notes
... • Microeconomists use supply/demand framework for thinking about markets. • Macroeconomists use Aggregate Supply/ Aggregate Demand as the central framework for thinking about business cycles. • AS/AD framework examines the relationship between the level of output (real GDP) and the ...
... • Microeconomists use supply/demand framework for thinking about markets. • Macroeconomists use Aggregate Supply/ Aggregate Demand as the central framework for thinking about business cycles. • AS/AD framework examines the relationship between the level of output (real GDP) and the ...
p: labour productivity - home roma tre
... which all have an important effect on his productivity. These are factors that are endogenous to the production process itself since they can be continuously increased through learning by doing and continuous training. Once again, the acquisition of these skills and the necessary cultural and educat ...
... which all have an important effect on his productivity. These are factors that are endogenous to the production process itself since they can be continuously increased through learning by doing and continuous training. Once again, the acquisition of these skills and the necessary cultural and educat ...
Unemployment
... the labor force. • Discouraged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, don’t show up in unemployment statistics. • Other people may claim to be unemployed in order to receive financial assistance, even though they aren’t looking for wor ...
... the labor force. • Discouraged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, don’t show up in unemployment statistics. • Other people may claim to be unemployed in order to receive financial assistance, even though they aren’t looking for wor ...
Social democracy and full employment.
... that the real wages of those already in work would have to decline in order to make profitable extra employment at declining productivity. This cut in the real wage would simply be passively accepted by workers provided it was achieved by a one-off increase in the price level rather than being impos ...
... that the real wages of those already in work would have to decline in order to make profitable extra employment at declining productivity. This cut in the real wage would simply be passively accepted by workers provided it was achieved by a one-off increase in the price level rather than being impos ...
Relationship between Youth Unemployment and Minimum Real Wage
... number of students studying at universities is related to this age group. There exists a positive relationship between youth unemployment, financial crisis and minimum real wage; an inverse relationship between youth unemployment and the number of students studying at universities. 76.3% of the chan ...
... number of students studying at universities is related to this age group. There exists a positive relationship between youth unemployment, financial crisis and minimum real wage; an inverse relationship between youth unemployment and the number of students studying at universities. 76.3% of the chan ...
Labor Market Policy in the Great Recession
... Labor-market institutions have been at the center of the discussion of labor-market performance since at least the 1980s, when unemployment rose sharply and remained stubbornly high in most of the major OECD economies. A standard view, encapsulated in the OECD’s 1994 Jobs Study, maintains that labor ...
... Labor-market institutions have been at the center of the discussion of labor-market performance since at least the 1980s, when unemployment rose sharply and remained stubbornly high in most of the major OECD economies. A standard view, encapsulated in the OECD’s 1994 Jobs Study, maintains that labor ...
Social Protection Without Protectionism
... In the years after the Great Depression, we erected in the United States and many other advanced industrial countries a set of social protections. But in the United States and some other countries, the last three decades have seen these social protections weakened—in the name of increased economic e ...
... In the years after the Great Depression, we erected in the United States and many other advanced industrial countries a set of social protections. But in the United States and some other countries, the last three decades have seen these social protections weakened—in the name of increased economic e ...
Figure 1. Public social spending is worth 21% of GDP on average
... Data on TBSPs for the Netherlands were estimated using available information for 2011; indicators on direct taxation of benefit income for Switzerl and were also estimated on basis of available information for 2012 and TBSPs were estimated as well to account for cantonal and c ommunal tax breaks. Da ...
... Data on TBSPs for the Netherlands were estimated using available information for 2011; indicators on direct taxation of benefit income for Switzerl and were also estimated on basis of available information for 2012 and TBSPs were estimated as well to account for cantonal and c ommunal tax breaks. Da ...
Bank of England Inflation Report February 2008
... Based on three-month moving average measures, unless otherwise stated. Percentage of the economically active population. Percentage of the sum of the claimant count and workforce jobs, monthly data. Percentage of the working-age population. This measure weights together the different types of non-em ...
... Based on three-month moving average measures, unless otherwise stated. Percentage of the economically active population. Percentage of the sum of the claimant count and workforce jobs, monthly data. Percentage of the working-age population. This measure weights together the different types of non-em ...
Pay settlements and average earnings outline
... following points set out why that argument is wrong: ...
... following points set out why that argument is wrong: ...