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Is the firm competitively stronger or weaker than key rivals?
Is the firm competitively stronger or weaker than key rivals?

... ♦ The higher a firm’s overall weighted strength rating, the stronger its overall competitiveness versus rivals. ♦ The rating score indicates the total net competitive advantage for a firm relative to other firms. ♦ Firms with high competitive strength scores are targets for benchmarking. ♦ The ratin ...
Project and Investment Appraisal for Sustainable Value
Project and Investment Appraisal for Sustainable Value

An Intertemporal General Equilibrium Model of Asset Prices
An Intertemporal General Equilibrium Model of Asset Prices

... of the basis over time is not of importance as long as its dimension remains unchanged, which we assume to be the case. Any creation or expiration of contingent claims which causes a change in the dimension of the basis will cause a change in the hedging opportunities available to an individual. For ...
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... A: Average Daily Outstanding Transmission Liability (ADTL) is defined as the average sum of the daily amounts of a licensee's total outstanding money transmissions, as calculated each day of the quarter divided by the number of days in the quarter. This amount shall include companywide foreign and d ...
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Indirect Taxation vs. the Circular economy *Sjef de Wit, Indirect Tax

... As long as you cannot determine the actual lost value, taxing value lost will contradict the intention of boosting companies to go to a circular model. Besides the practical question how to value the loss I also fear that the operating cost vs. the revenues will be out of proportion. Duties/ Sales ...
The	 transmission	 mechanism	 of	 New	 Zealand	 monetary policy ARTICLES Aaron	Drew	and	Rishab	Sethi
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Finance 534 week 10 quiz 9 Question 1 Which of the following

... If cash inflows from collections occur in equal daily amounts but most payments must be made on the 10th of each month, then a regular monthly cash budget will be misleading. The problem can be corrected by using a daily cash budget. Sound working capital policy is designed to maximize the time betw ...
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How can government bond purchases make monetary policy more

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Discounting Pension Liabilities: Funding versus Value

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Present value

In economics, present value, also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is always less than or equal to the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be greater than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, “A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow”. Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant, without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of the borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times. The idea is much like algebra, where variable units must be consistent in order to compare or carry out addition and subtraction; time dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons between values or carry out simple calculations. When deciding between projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today, should be chosen.
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