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discount rates
discount rates

... depend upon when the cash flow is expected to occur and will vary across time. Currencies matter: A risk free rate is currency-specific and can be very different for different currencies. Not all government securities are riskfree: Some governments face default risk and the rates on bonds issued ...
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... and using the proceeds to invest in risk-free or near to risk-free securities. He may also opt for increasing profit through other non-operational activities like disposal of fixed assets etc. This would result in a consistent decrease in the shareholders profit – that is earning per share would fal ...
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Significance of the Social Security Trust Funds
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... trust funds lend the excess revenue (surplus) to the general fund of the Treasury in some years, and require repayments of such loans in other years when there is revenue shortfall (deficit). From another perspective, the buildup of the trust funds serves a distributional or smoothing function. The ...
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2) Registration Statement No. 333
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... transactions. Following such restrictions, Austria, Greece, and Ireland are excluded because they do not have sufficient numbers of companies that meet our data quality thresholds. The final sample includes 118 companies headquartered in eight countries. Table 1 reports the sample breakdown by count ...
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This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research

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Securitization

Securitization is the financial practice of pooling various types of contractual debt such as residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, auto loans or credit card debt obligations (or other non-debt assets which generate receivables) and selling their related cash flows to third party investors as securities, which may be described as bonds, pass-through securities, or collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Investors are repaid from the principal and interest cash flows collected from the underlying debt and redistributed through the capital structure of the new financing. Securities backed by mortgage receivables are called mortgage-backed securities (MBS), while those backed by other types of receivables are asset-backed securities (ABS).Critics have suggested that the complexity inherent in securitization can limit investors' ability to monitor risk, and that competitive securitization markets with multiple securitizers may be particularly prone to sharp declines in underwriting standards. Private, competitive mortgage securitization is believed to have played an important role in the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis.In addition, off-balance sheet treatment for securitizations coupled with guarantees from the issuer can hide the extent of leverage of the securitizing firm, thereby facilitating risky capital structures and leading to an under-pricing of credit risk. Off-balance sheet securitizations are believed to have played a large role in the high leverage level of U.S. financial institutions before the financial crisis, and the need for bailouts.The granularity of pools of securitized assets can mitigate the credit risk of individual borrowers. Unlike general corporate debt, the credit quality of securitized debt is non-stationary due to changes in volatility that are time- and structure-dependent. If the transaction is properly structured and the pool performs as expected, the credit risk of all tranches of structured debt improves; if improperly structured, the affected tranches may experience dramatic credit deterioration and loss.Securitization has evolved from its beginnings in the late 18th century to an estimated outstanding of $10.24 trillion in the United States and $2.25 trillion in Europe as of the 2nd quarter of 2008. In 2007, ABS issuance amounted to $3.455 trillion in the US and $652 billion in Europe. WBS (Whole Business Securitization) arrangements first appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1990s, and became common in various Commonwealth legal systems where senior creditors of an insolvent business effectively gain the right to control the company.
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