A General Theory of Phase Noise in Electrical Oscillators
... oscillator, however, the output is more generally given by ...
... oscillator, however, the output is more generally given by ...
Survey of Noise Sources in Bulk CMOS
... The noise behavior of bulk CMOS devices is dominated primarily by two noise sources: thermal noise and flicker (1/f ) noise. Other sources that are sometimes present in the noise spectrum are shot noise, generation/recombination noise, and “popcorn” noise. Of these sources, thermal noise and shot no ...
... The noise behavior of bulk CMOS devices is dominated primarily by two noise sources: thermal noise and flicker (1/f ) noise. Other sources that are sometimes present in the noise spectrum are shot noise, generation/recombination noise, and “popcorn” noise. Of these sources, thermal noise and shot no ...
feature article
... are yielding accurate and detailed information (both time resolved and frequency This creates the need for the development of appropriate theoretical tools that will enable us to extract dynamical information from these spectra. The calculation of spectral line shapes (and any other response functio ...
... are yielding accurate and detailed information (both time resolved and frequency This creates the need for the development of appropriate theoretical tools that will enable us to extract dynamical information from these spectra. The calculation of spectral line shapes (and any other response functio ...
oscilloscope instruction manual
... Normal use of test equipment exposes you to a certain amount of danger from electrical shock because testing must often be performed where exposed high voltage is present. An electrical shock causing 10 milliamps of current to pass through the heart will stop most human heartbeats. Voltage as low as ...
... Normal use of test equipment exposes you to a certain amount of danger from electrical shock because testing must often be performed where exposed high voltage is present. An electrical shock causing 10 milliamps of current to pass through the heart will stop most human heartbeats. Voltage as low as ...
Low-Frequency Noise Measurements with the E4727A
... Any undesirable turbulence that corrupts an information-bearing signal is generally referred to as noise. Electrical noise is inherent in every circuit, ranging from current flowing through a resistor or transistor, to leakage current through a tantalum capacitor. To minimize its effects, it becomes ...
... Any undesirable turbulence that corrupts an information-bearing signal is generally referred to as noise. Electrical noise is inherent in every circuit, ranging from current flowing through a resistor or transistor, to leakage current through a tantalum capacitor. To minimize its effects, it becomes ...
Hyper-Raman scattering and the selection rules for the wave vector
... pulse duration 100 nsec, and the peak power 20 kW. With such an excitation, the HRS intensity (the number of photons per second) was comparable with the intensity obtainable by exciting the pulses with peak power -2 MW, duration 10 nsec, and repetition frequency 25 Hz. However, excitation with 20 kW ...
... pulse duration 100 nsec, and the peak power 20 kW. With such an excitation, the HRS intensity (the number of photons per second) was comparable with the intensity obtainable by exciting the pulses with peak power -2 MW, duration 10 nsec, and repetition frequency 25 Hz. However, excitation with 20 kW ...
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of SO3 at 355 and 266 nm
... (U)MP2/cc-pVDZ and B3LYP/cc-pVDZ levels. The harmonic vibrational frequencies were used to determine if a given structure was a local minimum on the potential energy surface and to perform zero point energy (ZPE) corrections. To obtain more reliable energies, additional single point energy calculati ...
... (U)MP2/cc-pVDZ and B3LYP/cc-pVDZ levels. The harmonic vibrational frequencies were used to determine if a given structure was a local minimum on the potential energy surface and to perform zero point energy (ZPE) corrections. To obtain more reliable energies, additional single point energy calculati ...
NOISE IN FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINKS
... budget.” Implicit in the optical power budget are various “power penalties” associated with timing jitter, intersymbol interference, vertical eye closure, laser degradation, and a host other factors. For example, there is a power penalty associated with duty-cycle distortion, which is the symmetry o ...
... budget.” Implicit in the optical power budget are various “power penalties” associated with timing jitter, intersymbol interference, vertical eye closure, laser degradation, and a host other factors. For example, there is a power penalty associated with duty-cycle distortion, which is the symmetry o ...
Non-Linear Characteristics of a Pendulum System
... In the design of engineering structures, the structural analysis of the system has a vital role. Because of the flexibility of linearization of the system and the mathematics involved in linear systems, most of the engineers prefer to work with linear systems. However the fact is that most of the sy ...
... In the design of engineering structures, the structural analysis of the system has a vital role. Because of the flexibility of linearization of the system and the mathematics involved in linear systems, most of the engineers prefer to work with linear systems. However the fact is that most of the sy ...
Digital Signal Processing for Optical Coherent Communication
... In this thesis, digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms are studied to compensate for physical layer impairments in optical fiber coherent communication systems. The physical layer impairments investigated in this thesis include optical fiber chromatic dispersion, polarization demultiplexing, lig ...
... In this thesis, digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms are studied to compensate for physical layer impairments in optical fiber coherent communication systems. The physical layer impairments investigated in this thesis include optical fiber chromatic dispersion, polarization demultiplexing, lig ...
pdf file
... frequency generation (DFG) process between optical fields within the pump light spectrum, photon number of the pump light does not change during the THz generation although the spectrum is expected to be shifted to lower frequencies. Manley-Rowe relation[22] for nonlinear optical mixing states that ...
... frequency generation (DFG) process between optical fields within the pump light spectrum, photon number of the pump light does not change during the THz generation although the spectrum is expected to be shifted to lower frequencies. Manley-Rowe relation[22] for nonlinear optical mixing states that ...
Study on Supervision of Wavelength Division Multiplexing
... The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) offers many advantages such as large bandwidth per user, easy management, high network security and low insertion loss enabling long-reach and/or high split-ratio. However, with the rapid development and growing interest for deplo ...
... The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) offers many advantages such as large bandwidth per user, easy management, high network security and low insertion loss enabling long-reach and/or high split-ratio. However, with the rapid development and growing interest for deplo ...
SECTION 5-5: FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATIONS
... The simplest filter building block is the passive RC section. The single pole can be either lowpass or highpass. Odd order filters will have a single pole section. The basic form of the lowpass RC section is shown in Figure 5-37(A). It is assumed that the load impedance is high (> ×10), so that ther ...
... The simplest filter building block is the passive RC section. The single pole can be either lowpass or highpass. Odd order filters will have a single pole section. The basic form of the lowpass RC section is shown in Figure 5-37(A). It is assumed that the load impedance is high (> ×10), so that ther ...
Spectrum analyzer
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that a spectrum analyzer measures is electrical, however, spectral compositions of other signals, such as acoustic pressure waves and optical light waves, can be considered through the use of an appropriate transducer. Optical spectrum analyzers also exist, which use direct optical techniques such as a monochromator to make measurements.By analyzing the spectra of electrical signals, dominant frequency, power, distortion, harmonics, bandwidth, and other spectral components of a signal can be observed that are not easily detectable in time domain waveforms. These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic devices, such as wireless transmitters.The display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency on the horizontal axis and the amplitude displayed on the vertical axis. To the casual observer, a spectrum analyzer looks like an oscilloscope and, in fact, some lab instruments can function either as an oscilloscope or a spectrum analyzer.