Observational Learning Based on Models of - FORTH-ICS
... networks are densely connected to the AIPvisual region, so that when an object is viewed by the agent more than one cluster of neurons is activated. These compete during training (through their inhibitory connections), and the dominant cluster suppresses the activation of others. To ensure that dive ...
... networks are densely connected to the AIPvisual region, so that when an object is viewed by the agent more than one cluster of neurons is activated. These compete during training (through their inhibitory connections), and the dominant cluster suppresses the activation of others. To ensure that dive ...
Multi-Scale Modeling of the Primary Visual Cortex
... can be highly correlated in time. [Reproduced with permission from ref. 12, www.pnas.org, (Copyright 2007, National Academy of Sciences, USA).] In Fig. 3a, we display the neuronal orientation preference as conferred on the V1 neurons by their afferent LGN input to which we compare two instantaneous ...
... can be highly correlated in time. [Reproduced with permission from ref. 12, www.pnas.org, (Copyright 2007, National Academy of Sciences, USA).] In Fig. 3a, we display the neuronal orientation preference as conferred on the V1 neurons by their afferent LGN input to which we compare two instantaneous ...
Nothing can be coincidence: synaptic inhibition and plasticity in the
... circuits with intrinsically active neurons have rules for information transfer and storage that distinguish them from other brain regions. Introduction Neurons and synapses throughout the vertebrate brain share many common properties, which have given rise to the useful generalizations taught in int ...
... circuits with intrinsically active neurons have rules for information transfer and storage that distinguish them from other brain regions. Introduction Neurons and synapses throughout the vertebrate brain share many common properties, which have given rise to the useful generalizations taught in int ...
A2.2.1.TheNeuron
... superhighway of nerves moves impulses around the body allowing us to process stimuli and make an appropriate response. Electrical signals travel in paths that take information to and from the brain and spinal cord. These signals allow the nervous system to react quickly while at the same time proces ...
... superhighway of nerves moves impulses around the body allowing us to process stimuli and make an appropriate response. Electrical signals travel in paths that take information to and from the brain and spinal cord. These signals allow the nervous system to react quickly while at the same time proces ...
Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron
... neuron only in so far as the next action potential will be somewhat delayed - it will take longer until the summating PSPs will drive the membrane potential above threshold. Assuming, for example, that 10% of 3000 synapses estimated to converge on a cortical neuron supply the dominant source of inpu ...
... neuron only in so far as the next action potential will be somewhat delayed - it will take longer until the summating PSPs will drive the membrane potential above threshold. Assuming, for example, that 10% of 3000 synapses estimated to converge on a cortical neuron supply the dominant source of inpu ...
resting membrane potential
... Figure 7.4 Functional classes of neurons. Afferent neurons originate in the periphery with sensory or visceral receptors. The peripheral axons of afferent neurons are part of the peripheral nervous system, but the axon terminals are located in the central nervous system, where they communicate with ...
... Figure 7.4 Functional classes of neurons. Afferent neurons originate in the periphery with sensory or visceral receptors. The peripheral axons of afferent neurons are part of the peripheral nervous system, but the axon terminals are located in the central nervous system, where they communicate with ...
Linking Genetically Defined Neurons to Behavior through a Broadly
... either throughout the midbrain and cerebellum or throughout the entire nervous system (summarized in Table S1). In addition to these expected phenotypes, silencing serotonergic neurons also proved informative. Selective expression of GFPtox in central serotonergic neurons (Pet1-descendant neurons [H ...
... either throughout the midbrain and cerebellum or throughout the entire nervous system (summarized in Table S1). In addition to these expected phenotypes, silencing serotonergic neurons also proved informative. Selective expression of GFPtox in central serotonergic neurons (Pet1-descendant neurons [H ...
Slide 1
... Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Chemical synapse The synaptic terminal releases a neurotransmitter that binds to the postsynaptic plasma membrane Produces temporary, localized change in permeability or function of postsynaptic cell Changes affect cell, depending on nature and number o ...
... Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Chemical synapse The synaptic terminal releases a neurotransmitter that binds to the postsynaptic plasma membrane Produces temporary, localized change in permeability or function of postsynaptic cell Changes affect cell, depending on nature and number o ...
Cell assemblies in the cerebral cortex Günther Palm, Andreas
... which that event may have in common with many other events. The second line of evidence is derived from the neurophysiology of learning. It was one of Hebb’s points that cell assemblies representing things in the brain are held together by excitatory connections between the neurons of which they are ...
... which that event may have in common with many other events. The second line of evidence is derived from the neurophysiology of learning. It was one of Hebb’s points that cell assemblies representing things in the brain are held together by excitatory connections between the neurons of which they are ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... along with the main axon, curve around the medial border of the glomerulus and, together with the dorsal branches, arborize profusely around the dorsal margin of the posterior half of the cercal glomerulus. L, in contrast, has 4 - 6 thinner medially directed branches which curve around the ventral m ...
... along with the main axon, curve around the medial border of the glomerulus and, together with the dorsal branches, arborize profusely around the dorsal margin of the posterior half of the cercal glomerulus. L, in contrast, has 4 - 6 thinner medially directed branches which curve around the ventral m ...
the autonomic nervous system
... This includes increased heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure; increased blood flow to essential structures (brain, lungs, heart, skeletal muscles) and decreased activity in nonessential ones; increased rate and depth of respiration. In addition, there is activation of the adrenal med ...
... This includes increased heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure; increased blood flow to essential structures (brain, lungs, heart, skeletal muscles) and decreased activity in nonessential ones; increased rate and depth of respiration. In addition, there is activation of the adrenal med ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... Computational modeling assists in analyzing the specific functional role of the cellular effects of acetylcholine within cortical structures. In particular, acetylcholine may regulate the dynamics of encoding and retrieval of information by regulating the magnitude of synaptic transmission at excitato ...
... Computational modeling assists in analyzing the specific functional role of the cellular effects of acetylcholine within cortical structures. In particular, acetylcholine may regulate the dynamics of encoding and retrieval of information by regulating the magnitude of synaptic transmission at excitato ...
The auditory pathway: Levels of integration of information and
... The efferent innervation of the cochlea by cells located at the SOC was first described by Grant-Rasmussen in 194614. This pathway is considered to be a feedback control for auditory receptors. Scientists have been able to provide evidence that electrical stimulation of the AC induces a neural respo ...
... The efferent innervation of the cochlea by cells located at the SOC was first described by Grant-Rasmussen in 194614. This pathway is considered to be a feedback control for auditory receptors. Scientists have been able to provide evidence that electrical stimulation of the AC induces a neural respo ...
PDF
... that human NSCs grafts in the spinal cord of SOD1 G93A rats and mice as well as in nontransgenic rodents with or without experimental lesions differentiate extensively into neurons. In SOD1 G93A rodents, these NSCs grafts protect motor neurons from degeneration, delay disease onset, and prolong life ...
... that human NSCs grafts in the spinal cord of SOD1 G93A rats and mice as well as in nontransgenic rodents with or without experimental lesions differentiate extensively into neurons. In SOD1 G93A rodents, these NSCs grafts protect motor neurons from degeneration, delay disease onset, and prolong life ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... 1994; Weinberger and Berman 1996). Although the causes for such malfunction may be complex, many studies suggest abnormalities that occur during early postnatal development (Jones 1997; Lewis and Levitt 2002; Raedler et al. 1998). Electrical activities play important roles in developmental processes ...
... 1994; Weinberger and Berman 1996). Although the causes for such malfunction may be complex, many studies suggest abnormalities that occur during early postnatal development (Jones 1997; Lewis and Levitt 2002; Raedler et al. 1998). Electrical activities play important roles in developmental processes ...
Do neurons generate monopolar current sources?
... resistance to the lateral movement of charges in the membrane. While this movement is also considered as instantaneous (charges are usually assumed to instantaneously reequilibrate), there is evidence that in fact, charges do not move instantaneously but take some time due to residual friction tange ...
... resistance to the lateral movement of charges in the membrane. While this movement is also considered as instantaneous (charges are usually assumed to instantaneously reequilibrate), there is evidence that in fact, charges do not move instantaneously but take some time due to residual friction tange ...
Epilepsy in Small
... Materials and Methods Structure of the network and connectivity. We generated simple network models of excitatory neurons in hippocampus. To keep the number of free parameters manageable, to more easily constrain activity to spread in a controlled manner, and to eliminate the effects of boundary con ...
... Materials and Methods Structure of the network and connectivity. We generated simple network models of excitatory neurons in hippocampus. To keep the number of free parameters manageable, to more easily constrain activity to spread in a controlled manner, and to eliminate the effects of boundary con ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... course of EE. However, there are other studies that did not find any effect of EE on basal ...
... course of EE. However, there are other studies that did not find any effect of EE on basal ...
Neural basis of learning and memory
... Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are enduring (long-lasting) changes in synaptic strength that are brought about by specific patterns of activity at the synapse. These activity-dependent changes are thought to play a critical role in learning and subsequent memory formation. Both have ...
... Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are enduring (long-lasting) changes in synaptic strength that are brought about by specific patterns of activity at the synapse. These activity-dependent changes are thought to play a critical role in learning and subsequent memory formation. Both have ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.