The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a structure
... processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal formation. This information only becomes a stressor once it has been processed and compared to prior events in one’s experience. The BNST also receives “systemic” stressor information, i.e. hypotension or hemorrhage. This input comes dire ...
... processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal formation. This information only becomes a stressor once it has been processed and compared to prior events in one’s experience. The BNST also receives “systemic” stressor information, i.e. hypotension or hemorrhage. This input comes dire ...
神经系统 nervous system
... 1、To control and regulate the activity of other systems, and make human body as an organic integrity. 2、To maintain the unification of organism and the external environment. 3、The nervous system of mankind can not only adapt to environment, but also reform world subjectively. ...
... 1、To control and regulate the activity of other systems, and make human body as an organic integrity. 2、To maintain the unification of organism and the external environment. 3、The nervous system of mankind can not only adapt to environment, but also reform world subjectively. ...
1 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction (2
... brain is continuously changing, and learning occurs because neurons are forming new synapses. Scientists say that the brain has plasticity. It does not mean the brain is made of a chemical plastic, but it refers to the brain’s ability to modify connections in response to experience. When a person le ...
... brain is continuously changing, and learning occurs because neurons are forming new synapses. Scientists say that the brain has plasticity. It does not mean the brain is made of a chemical plastic, but it refers to the brain’s ability to modify connections in response to experience. When a person le ...
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus
... pipette after contact with the cell surface. The formation of GV seals and the subsequent rupturing of the underlying membrane were monitored in voltage-clamp mode by measuring the resistive current resulting from a high-frequency, 25 mV pulse command. Stable recordings could be maintained up to 2 h ...
... pipette after contact with the cell surface. The formation of GV seals and the subsequent rupturing of the underlying membrane were monitored in voltage-clamp mode by measuring the resistive current resulting from a high-frequency, 25 mV pulse command. Stable recordings could be maintained up to 2 h ...
Dorsal Column Nuclei Neurons Recorded in a Brain Stem–Spinal
... 1973; Beck 1981). The primary afferent input to dorsal column nuclei (DCN) neurons may use glutamate as the main neurotransmitter since ionophoretic applications of glutamate in the vicinity of these neurons caused excitation (Galindo et al. 1967), while 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolid-2-one (HA-966, an e ...
... 1973; Beck 1981). The primary afferent input to dorsal column nuclei (DCN) neurons may use glutamate as the main neurotransmitter since ionophoretic applications of glutamate in the vicinity of these neurons caused excitation (Galindo et al. 1967), while 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolid-2-one (HA-966, an e ...
Chapter 3
... When there is damage to an axon, usually there are changes, called chromatolysis, which occur in the cell body of the affected cell; this causes swelling of the cell body and peaks between 10 and 20 days after injury. By the third to fifth day, degeneration of the distal portion of the neuronal proc ...
... When there is damage to an axon, usually there are changes, called chromatolysis, which occur in the cell body of the affected cell; this causes swelling of the cell body and peaks between 10 and 20 days after injury. By the third to fifth day, degeneration of the distal portion of the neuronal proc ...
Pergamon - Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit
... ~:Department of Neurology, Emory University School Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Abstract--The modulatory actions of dopamine on the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia are mediated mainly through two subtypes of receptors, the D 1 and D e receptors. In order to examine the precis ...
... ~:Department of Neurology, Emory University School Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Abstract--The modulatory actions of dopamine on the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia are mediated mainly through two subtypes of receptors, the D 1 and D e receptors. In order to examine the precis ...
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in
... often appeared to have two components because of an inflection on the nsmg phase (e g,, Figs 5A, 7A). tential (Figs. 4C,D). Both of the Tl?X-reststant poThe amplitude of the initial depolarization showed tentials were augmented by application of TEA (data graded changes upon increase in the stimulus ...
... often appeared to have two components because of an inflection on the nsmg phase (e g,, Figs 5A, 7A). tential (Figs. 4C,D). Both of the Tl?X-reststant poThe amplitude of the initial depolarization showed tentials were augmented by application of TEA (data graded changes upon increase in the stimulus ...
Giant Spontaneous Depolarizing Potentials in the Developing
... to 10% of the peak amplitude; i.e., 90% width), and multicomponent appearance consisting of a minimum of three transients. Additionally, there was usually “build-up” of synaptic responses during each tGDP, such that several small transients preceded the peak response. This activity pattern occurred ...
... to 10% of the peak amplitude; i.e., 90% width), and multicomponent appearance consisting of a minimum of three transients. Additionally, there was usually “build-up” of synaptic responses during each tGDP, such that several small transients preceded the peak response. This activity pattern occurred ...
Chapter 8 & 5 powerpoint file
... Local current flow causes new section of the membrane to depolarize – this new section is creating a new set of action potentials that will trigger the next area to be depolarized The refractory period prevents backward conduction; loss of K+ repolarizes the membrane – Once the Na+ close they wi ...
... Local current flow causes new section of the membrane to depolarize – this new section is creating a new set of action potentials that will trigger the next area to be depolarized The refractory period prevents backward conduction; loss of K+ repolarizes the membrane – Once the Na+ close they wi ...
Large number of receptors reduces cellular response time - Q-bio
... mechanism results in a dramatic reduction of the activation time variation. Kinetic proofreading working in the regime of increasing specificity typically leads to an exponential activation time distribution for a single receptor [3]. This prevents the variance reduction by the activation by the fas ...
... mechanism results in a dramatic reduction of the activation time variation. Kinetic proofreading working in the regime of increasing specificity typically leads to an exponential activation time distribution for a single receptor [3]. This prevents the variance reduction by the activation by the fas ...
NIPS/Dec99/notebook3
... and GABAergic interneurons similarly distributed throughout the DCN and expressing different subtypes of glutamatergic receptors. The consequences of interneuronal inhibition by the cerebral cortex are functionally important because the cortical inhibition of inhibitory interneurons that, in turn, s ...
... and GABAergic interneurons similarly distributed throughout the DCN and expressing different subtypes of glutamatergic receptors. The consequences of interneuronal inhibition by the cerebral cortex are functionally important because the cortical inhibition of inhibitory interneurons that, in turn, s ...
Synaptic Mechanisms of Forward Suppression in Rat
... Merzenich, 1999). Spontaneous firing rates were generally low (4.5 ± 5.1 Hz, population median ± interquartile range), but in a few cases we could observe a clear suppression of spontaneous activity that had the same time course as that seen in Figure 1B. In what follows, we distinguish among severa ...
... Merzenich, 1999). Spontaneous firing rates were generally low (4.5 ± 5.1 Hz, population median ± interquartile range), but in a few cases we could observe a clear suppression of spontaneous activity that had the same time course as that seen in Figure 1B. In what follows, we distinguish among severa ...
No Slide Title
... Contain a family of 24kDa proteins that selectively bind soluble proteins bound for Golgi. Integral membrane proteins to be transported generally have Asp-X-Glu sequence - binds to one or more COP II proteins ...
... Contain a family of 24kDa proteins that selectively bind soluble proteins bound for Golgi. Integral membrane proteins to be transported generally have Asp-X-Glu sequence - binds to one or more COP II proteins ...
File - cbcpsychology
... Gender can be a confounding variable because of the genetic & socialised difference between males & females. E.g. alcohol may more effect on female reaction time, because males (on average) have a higher body mass. So if a control group had proportionally more females and the experimental group ha ...
... Gender can be a confounding variable because of the genetic & socialised difference between males & females. E.g. alcohol may more effect on female reaction time, because males (on average) have a higher body mass. So if a control group had proportionally more females and the experimental group ha ...
A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron
... Figure 4 shows the internal architecture of the glial cells. Each glial cell consists of a synapse unit, ten MUXs, and eight DFFs for routing axons and dendrites. On each side of a glial cell, there is one axonal output coming from a pipeline DFF connected to a MUX. Each axonal MUX can switch to any ...
... Figure 4 shows the internal architecture of the glial cells. Each glial cell consists of a synapse unit, ten MUXs, and eight DFFs for routing axons and dendrites. On each side of a glial cell, there is one axonal output coming from a pipeline DFF connected to a MUX. Each axonal MUX can switch to any ...
Electrical Properties of Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Cells
... neuroendocrine cell resembles that of non-endocrine neurons or of nonnervous glandular cells (12, 21, 28). 1 The preoptic nucleus of lower vertebrates, which differentiates into the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in higher forms, produces the hormones of the neural lobe of the pituitary (40). ...
... neuroendocrine cell resembles that of non-endocrine neurons or of nonnervous glandular cells (12, 21, 28). 1 The preoptic nucleus of lower vertebrates, which differentiates into the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in higher forms, produces the hormones of the neural lobe of the pituitary (40). ...
poster and abstract PDF
... Voltage-gated potassium channels are primary determinants of cellular excitability in the mammalian nervous system. The localization of these channels to distinct cellular compartments influences components of neuronal function, including resting membrane potential, action potential characteristics ...
... Voltage-gated potassium channels are primary determinants of cellular excitability in the mammalian nervous system. The localization of these channels to distinct cellular compartments influences components of neuronal function, including resting membrane potential, action potential characteristics ...
Schwann cells
... D. The Synapse 1. site where the presynaptic neuron sends signal to postsynaptic neuron 2. almost all synapses are chemical using a neurotransmitter 3. some synapses are electrical using gap junctions between cells 4. most are axondendritic; small number are axosomatic (cell body) 5. space between ...
... D. The Synapse 1. site where the presynaptic neuron sends signal to postsynaptic neuron 2. almost all synapses are chemical using a neurotransmitter 3. some synapses are electrical using gap junctions between cells 4. most are axondendritic; small number are axosomatic (cell body) 5. space between ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.