lecture notes
... Compensation depth is the depth where net primary productivity equals zero – not CCD This is usually located where light intensity is about 1% of its surface value and typically occurs at a depth of about 110 m in clear ocean water – 15 m in estuaries Most of the light entering the ocean is co ...
... Compensation depth is the depth where net primary productivity equals zero – not CCD This is usually located where light intensity is about 1% of its surface value and typically occurs at a depth of about 110 m in clear ocean water – 15 m in estuaries Most of the light entering the ocean is co ...
platetectonics-1232003374497953-1 - RCPL
... This process continues as the current earthquake/volcano hotspots of the world reflect the edges of the moving plates atop which the continents sit. ...
... This process continues as the current earthquake/volcano hotspots of the world reflect the edges of the moving plates atop which the continents sit. ...
You Will Discover
... Earth's surface is constantly changing. It is worn away by many things. These include water, ice, temperature changes, wind, chemicals, and living things. Sometimes these forces work quickly, and sometimes they take a long time. Earth's Crust The outer surface of Earth is a layer of rock called the ...
... Earth's surface is constantly changing. It is worn away by many things. These include water, ice, temperature changes, wind, chemicals, and living things. Sometimes these forces work quickly, and sometimes they take a long time. Earth's Crust The outer surface of Earth is a layer of rock called the ...
Water density and marine organisms
... 1. Students are first asked to recall how ocean currents are formed (review of density-driven water movement). In groups of 4/5, students are asked to think about and discuss where on earth we would likely see examples of both temperature and salinity driven current formation. 2. Each group will sha ...
... 1. Students are first asked to recall how ocean currents are formed (review of density-driven water movement). In groups of 4/5, students are asked to think about and discuss where on earth we would likely see examples of both temperature and salinity driven current formation. 2. Each group will sha ...
Chapter 4 Marine Sedimentation
... dissolves better in colder water, in acidic water, and at higher pressures. In the deep ocean, all three of these conditions exist. Therefore, the dissolution rate of calcium carbonate increases greatly below the thermocline. This change in dissolution rate is called the lysocline. Below the lysocli ...
... dissolves better in colder water, in acidic water, and at higher pressures. In the deep ocean, all three of these conditions exist. Therefore, the dissolution rate of calcium carbonate increases greatly below the thermocline. This change in dissolution rate is called the lysocline. Below the lysocli ...
plate tectonics test
... bends downward. This place where the heavier plate melts (subducts) beneath the lighter one is called the subduction zone. In the ocean, subduction zones can create huge, deep trenches. Ocean trenches can be formed by subduction between continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is alway ...
... bends downward. This place where the heavier plate melts (subducts) beneath the lighter one is called the subduction zone. In the ocean, subduction zones can create huge, deep trenches. Ocean trenches can be formed by subduction between continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is alway ...
Precambrian Era PPT 2
... •Liquid water is required to remove CO2 from atmosphere. –Mars is too cold to have liquid water. –Venus is too hot to have liquid water. –So both have CO2 atmospheres. •On Earth, most of the world’s CO2 was converted to O2 by photosynthesis. •Enough by 2.0 bya to sustain life. •CO2 is locked up in l ...
... •Liquid water is required to remove CO2 from atmosphere. –Mars is too cold to have liquid water. –Venus is too hot to have liquid water. –So both have CO2 atmospheres. •On Earth, most of the world’s CO2 was converted to O2 by photosynthesis. •Enough by 2.0 bya to sustain life. •CO2 is locked up in l ...
Inside the Earth
... • With each eruption, gases, water vapor, ash and lava (molten material) were brought to the surface. • The water vapor and gases formed the atmosphere. • As the Earth cooled the water vapor turned to water and the rains started. • The oceans formed from runoff. This also supplied the ocean with the ...
... • With each eruption, gases, water vapor, ash and lava (molten material) were brought to the surface. • The water vapor and gases formed the atmosphere. • As the Earth cooled the water vapor turned to water and the rains started. • The oceans formed from runoff. This also supplied the ocean with the ...
PDF: Printable Press Release
... and operate, especially compared to the costs of ship-based ocean research. Smith’s glider—developed at the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington and now sold commercially by iRobot, Inc. (maker of the Roomba© vacuum cleaning robot)—cost $150,000. A single ship-day, including co ...
... and operate, especially compared to the costs of ship-based ocean research. Smith’s glider—developed at the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington and now sold commercially by iRobot, Inc. (maker of the Roomba© vacuum cleaning robot)—cost $150,000. A single ship-day, including co ...
ES Practice quiz part 2 sect 3
... E. The following diagram shows how some mountain ranges such as the Andes and the Northern Cascades formed. Label the type(s) of crust (include the word “crust” in each answer), and trench. Then, answer the questions that follow. Magma ...
... E. The following diagram shows how some mountain ranges such as the Andes and the Northern Cascades formed. Label the type(s) of crust (include the word “crust” in each answer), and trench. Then, answer the questions that follow. Magma ...
IMBER Update
... of human activities related primarily to fossil fuel consumption, land-use changes, and agriculture practices. Other indications of global warming at continental, regional, and ocean basin scales are increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, rising g ...
... of human activities related primarily to fossil fuel consumption, land-use changes, and agriculture practices. Other indications of global warming at continental, regional, and ocean basin scales are increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, rising g ...
hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis
... been found in the Atlantic, Indian, and most recently, the Arctic Ocean. Most occur at an average depth of about 2,100 meters (7,000 ft) in areas of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Ocean Ridge system — the underwater mountain chain that winds around the globe. How do hydrothermal vents form? In som ...
... been found in the Atlantic, Indian, and most recently, the Arctic Ocean. Most occur at an average depth of about 2,100 meters (7,000 ft) in areas of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Ocean Ridge system — the underwater mountain chain that winds around the globe. How do hydrothermal vents form? In som ...
5-Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics
... 1953, American physicists Maurice Ewing (1906-1974) and Bruce Heezen (19241977) discovered that through this underwater mountain range ran a deep canyon, which they called the Great Global Rift. The rift appeared to be breaks in the earth's crust. The rift outlined chunks of the earth's crust, which ...
... 1953, American physicists Maurice Ewing (1906-1974) and Bruce Heezen (19241977) discovered that through this underwater mountain range ran a deep canyon, which they called the Great Global Rift. The rift appeared to be breaks in the earth's crust. The rift outlined chunks of the earth's crust, which ...
Ocean acidification puts Norwegian fishing industry at risk
... carbon sink. The CO2 lowers seawater’s pH and this increasing acidity can have potentially severe negative impacts on marine creatures, including commercially important species. Previous research has explored acidification’s effects on molluscs and crustaceans, such as mussels and crabs, which strug ...
... carbon sink. The CO2 lowers seawater’s pH and this increasing acidity can have potentially severe negative impacts on marine creatures, including commercially important species. Previous research has explored acidification’s effects on molluscs and crustaceans, such as mussels and crabs, which strug ...
Tectonic-scale climate change
... the transfer of heat and salt from the equator to the polar regions. The warm poleward flow of saline surface waters is balanced by the cold water sinking at high latitudes and moving as a cold deep current back towards the equator. This circulation, or thermohaline flow, helps to regulate the globa ...
... the transfer of heat and salt from the equator to the polar regions. The warm poleward flow of saline surface waters is balanced by the cold water sinking at high latitudes and moving as a cold deep current back towards the equator. This circulation, or thermohaline flow, helps to regulate the globa ...
Earth Science – Quiz 2
... B) two converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge C) a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate D) a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions 39. Which one of the following is an im ...
... B) two converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge C) a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate D) a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions 39. Which one of the following is an im ...
O A CEAN
... by about one third, and erosion of corals will outpace new growth. Many reefs may no longer be sustainable. Experiments have shown that ocean acidification hinders calcification of deep-sea corals. By 2100, 70% of cold-water corals will be exposed to corrosive waters. Cold-water coral ecosystems pro ...
... by about one third, and erosion of corals will outpace new growth. Many reefs may no longer be sustainable. Experiments have shown that ocean acidification hinders calcification of deep-sea corals. By 2100, 70% of cold-water corals will be exposed to corrosive waters. Cold-water coral ecosystems pro ...
Sea Floor Evidence The technologies developed in the 1940s and
... the overlying plate, which results in andesitic volcanoes (made from lava released by volcanoes) and earthquakes along dipping Benioff zones (are deep active seismic areas in a subduction zone). The youngest oceanic crust is formed at the crest of a mid-oceanic ridge, and the crust becomes progress ...
... the overlying plate, which results in andesitic volcanoes (made from lava released by volcanoes) and earthquakes along dipping Benioff zones (are deep active seismic areas in a subduction zone). The youngest oceanic crust is formed at the crest of a mid-oceanic ridge, and the crust becomes progress ...
Ocean Acidification
... by about one third, and erosion of corals will outpace new growth. Many reefs may no longer be sustainable. Experiments have shown that ocean acidification hinders calcification of deep-sea corals. By 2100, 70% of cold-water corals will be exposed to corrosive waters. Cold-water coral ecosystems pro ...
... by about one third, and erosion of corals will outpace new growth. Many reefs may no longer be sustainable. Experiments have shown that ocean acidification hinders calcification of deep-sea corals. By 2100, 70% of cold-water corals will be exposed to corrosive waters. Cold-water coral ecosystems pro ...
chapt15 discussion
... food web and how the web changes over the life cycle of one species This is a common feature of pelagic food webs – an organism will not feed on the same type of organisms throughout their life ...
... food web and how the web changes over the life cycle of one species This is a common feature of pelagic food webs – an organism will not feed on the same type of organisms throughout their life ...
What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
... They are characterized by long faults and shallow earthquakes. Most boundaries offset ocean ridges, but the best known exception is the San Andreas Fault in ...
... They are characterized by long faults and shallow earthquakes. Most boundaries offset ocean ridges, but the best known exception is the San Andreas Fault in ...
Mechanisms of Plate Motion
... When slabs of cold oceanic lithosphere descend into the lower mantle, at the same time, hot mantle plumes originating near the mantle-core boundary transfer heat toward the surface. 2. Deep-layer model; when a rock replaces sinking ocean lithosphere through a slow broad rise of rock throughout the m ...
... When slabs of cold oceanic lithosphere descend into the lower mantle, at the same time, hot mantle plumes originating near the mantle-core boundary transfer heat toward the surface. 2. Deep-layer model; when a rock replaces sinking ocean lithosphere through a slow broad rise of rock throughout the m ...
Chapter 1, Section 5 – The Theory of Plate Tectonics
... i. Movement of plates in lithosphere powered by convection currents ii. Plates collide, pull apart, or grind past each other = changes in Earth’s surface 1. creates volcanoes, mountain ranges, and deep ocean trenches iii. plate movement is incredibly slow – only 1 – 24 cm. per year! ...
... i. Movement of plates in lithosphere powered by convection currents ii. Plates collide, pull apart, or grind past each other = changes in Earth’s surface 1. creates volcanoes, mountain ranges, and deep ocean trenches iii. plate movement is incredibly slow – only 1 – 24 cm. per year! ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.