Lecture PDF
... Some seismic waves–energy associated with earthquakes–can pass through Earth. Analysis of how these waves are changed, and the time required for their passage, has told researchers much about conditions inside Earth. Earth is composed of concentric spherical layers, with the least dense layer on the ...
... Some seismic waves–energy associated with earthquakes–can pass through Earth. Analysis of how these waves are changed, and the time required for their passage, has told researchers much about conditions inside Earth. Earth is composed of concentric spherical layers, with the least dense layer on the ...
Earth Science, 12e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)
... B) two converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge C) a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate D) a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions ...
... B) two converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge C) a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate D) a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions ...
Chapter 2
... The continents have a mean elvation of several hundered meters above sea-level with a range from about 300 meters below sea-level (at the break in the continental shelf) up to about 8 km at Mt. Everest. At the 100 km - scale,the highest average elevation is only 5 km. Continental landscapes provide ...
... The continents have a mean elvation of several hundered meters above sea-level with a range from about 300 meters below sea-level (at the break in the continental shelf) up to about 8 km at Mt. Everest. At the 100 km - scale,the highest average elevation is only 5 km. Continental landscapes provide ...
PPT
... c) ocean and continental plates collide, form mountains and trench e.g., Andes and Peru-Chile Trench Subduction occurs when ocean crust carried down into Mantle (e.g., b and c above) basalt and sediment heated to form volcanic magma ...
... c) ocean and continental plates collide, form mountains and trench e.g., Andes and Peru-Chile Trench Subduction occurs when ocean crust carried down into Mantle (e.g., b and c above) basalt and sediment heated to form volcanic magma ...
Document
... atmosphere. This increase, as Fig. 1 shows, is an instantaneous step function on the time scale of natural changes of similar magnitude. A simple probe of the gross chemistry of the atmosphere, ocean, and sediments would reveal a state of geochemical disequilibrium. A reactive gas, oxygen, is abunda ...
... atmosphere. This increase, as Fig. 1 shows, is an instantaneous step function on the time scale of natural changes of similar magnitude. A simple probe of the gross chemistry of the atmosphere, ocean, and sediments would reveal a state of geochemical disequilibrium. A reactive gas, oxygen, is abunda ...
Lecture 14 – Marine Sediments (1) The CCD is: (a) the depth at
... continental margins (suggest at least two reasons)? The sediment will be thicker close to the continental margins. The crust at mid ocean ridges is younger and had less time to accumulate sediments and also near continental margins there is a greater supply of sediment from the continent and also in ...
... continental margins (suggest at least two reasons)? The sediment will be thicker close to the continental margins. The crust at mid ocean ridges is younger and had less time to accumulate sediments and also near continental margins there is a greater supply of sediment from the continent and also in ...
Vocabulary Lesson 3 Passage
... of (4)---- energy. Because this energy is distributed over the entire depth of the water, its effects are not immediately apparent. All that can be seen are slight waves on the surface, even though they are traveling at speeds of over six hundred miles an hour. It is not until these undersea waves r ...
... of (4)---- energy. Because this energy is distributed over the entire depth of the water, its effects are not immediately apparent. All that can be seen are slight waves on the surface, even though they are traveling at speeds of over six hundred miles an hour. It is not until these undersea waves r ...
08WGC Chapter 02
... • About 70% of the surface of the Earth is made up of water and is called the hydrosphere. • About 30% of the surface of the Earth is land, including continents and islands. • The air we breathe is part of the Earth’s ...
... • About 70% of the surface of the Earth is made up of water and is called the hydrosphere. • About 30% of the surface of the Earth is land, including continents and islands. • The air we breathe is part of the Earth’s ...
Dead zones
... –– Increased chlorophyll concentrations have the potential to supply large amounts of decomposition organic matter. ?? What is a likely result of excess decomposition? [Decreased dissolved oxygen levels] ʅʅ Turn on the layer, Gulf of Mexico DO. ?? What is the approximate surface area of the dead zon ...
... –– Increased chlorophyll concentrations have the potential to supply large amounts of decomposition organic matter. ?? What is a likely result of excess decomposition? [Decreased dissolved oxygen levels] ʅʅ Turn on the layer, Gulf of Mexico DO. ?? What is the approximate surface area of the dead zon ...
Plate Tectonics
... So what is happening on the earth?… • Some plates are moving apart (ridges of volcanoes) • Some plates are colliding. If they collide they can either buckle (mountains form) or some plates will slide beneath each other (trenches form). • Some plates are slipping beside each other (faults occur, wh ...
... So what is happening on the earth?… • Some plates are moving apart (ridges of volcanoes) • Some plates are colliding. If they collide they can either buckle (mountains form) or some plates will slide beneath each other (trenches form). • Some plates are slipping beside each other (faults occur, wh ...
File - Mr. Tugman`s Earth Science
... As certain rocks form, they acquire the polarity that Earth’s magnetic field has at the time. These rocks possess paleomagnetism. How does a rock become magnetized? Many igneous rocks contain magnetite, an iron-rich mineral. As the rock cools and hardens, the iron-rich mineral grains become magnetize ...
... As certain rocks form, they acquire the polarity that Earth’s magnetic field has at the time. These rocks possess paleomagnetism. How does a rock become magnetized? Many igneous rocks contain magnetite, an iron-rich mineral. As the rock cools and hardens, the iron-rich mineral grains become magnetize ...
The Dynamic Planet Revealed - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced
... ds = C/T*dT −α/ρ*dP = 0 As the convecting fluid approached an adiabatic gradient, one might ask how this can work when the Earth’s surface is a little above 0°C and the core mantle boundary is somewhere in the neighborhood of about 4000°C, as suggested from the observations of a molten outer core. T ...
... ds = C/T*dT −α/ρ*dP = 0 As the convecting fluid approached an adiabatic gradient, one might ask how this can work when the Earth’s surface is a little above 0°C and the core mantle boundary is somewhere in the neighborhood of about 4000°C, as suggested from the observations of a molten outer core. T ...
1. executive summary - Ministry of Earth Sciences
... Ever since the establishment of the Department of Ocean Development in 1981, the Ocean Science and Technology in the country has witnessed a significant progress primarily guided by the principles enunciated in the Ocean Policy Statement. The major responsibilities of the Department(now a Ministry) ...
... Ever since the establishment of the Department of Ocean Development in 1981, the Ocean Science and Technology in the country has witnessed a significant progress primarily guided by the principles enunciated in the Ocean Policy Statement. The major responsibilities of the Department(now a Ministry) ...
Work Package 3 Drifting Apart Story
... The Earth is a dynamic planet, most of us witness this every day in the form of changing weather, but it’s perhaps not so obvious in relation to the ground we walk on and the rocks found beneath. Processes above and below the Earth’s surface, atmosphere, oceans, continents, lithosphere, crust, mantl ...
... The Earth is a dynamic planet, most of us witness this every day in the form of changing weather, but it’s perhaps not so obvious in relation to the ground we walk on and the rocks found beneath. Processes above and below the Earth’s surface, atmosphere, oceans, continents, lithosphere, crust, mantl ...
Lab 06 - Las Positas College
... occurs to produce the abrupt motion we know as earthquakes. The largest and most devastating of these events often occur in subduction zones, but transform faults such as the San Andreas (in California) may also produce very large earthquakes. Occasionally two continental plates will collide in a su ...
... occurs to produce the abrupt motion we know as earthquakes. The largest and most devastating of these events often occur in subduction zones, but transform faults such as the San Andreas (in California) may also produce very large earthquakes. Occasionally two continental plates will collide in a su ...
Crust - Mrs. Bock
... The middle mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over. ...
... The middle mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over. ...
• Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics • Chapter 2 The
... As plates move over the asthenosphere, they carry the continents embedded within them. This idea was first suggested by a German scientist Alfred Wegener in 1915. He suggested the theory of Continental Drift, based on the congruity of the shapes of the continents across the Atlantic Ocean He ...
... As plates move over the asthenosphere, they carry the continents embedded within them. This idea was first suggested by a German scientist Alfred Wegener in 1915. He suggested the theory of Continental Drift, based on the congruity of the shapes of the continents across the Atlantic Ocean He ...
press kit
... First scientific results from the Tara Oceans expedition On May 22, in a special issue of Science, an international, interdisciplinary, team of scientists maps the biodiversity of a wide range of planktonic organisms, exploring their interactions - mainly parasitic, and how they impact and are affec ...
... First scientific results from the Tara Oceans expedition On May 22, in a special issue of Science, an international, interdisciplinary, team of scientists maps the biodiversity of a wide range of planktonic organisms, exploring their interactions - mainly parasitic, and how they impact and are affec ...
Why are the oceans important?
... which enables the ocean to act as a heat sink to delay the full effects of climate change. Carbon is continuously cycled between reservoirs in the ocean, on land and in the atmosphere, where it occurs primarily as CO2. In the ocean, CO2 dissolves in seawater forming carbonic acid and is ultimately r ...
... which enables the ocean to act as a heat sink to delay the full effects of climate change. Carbon is continuously cycled between reservoirs in the ocean, on land and in the atmosphere, where it occurs primarily as CO2. In the ocean, CO2 dissolves in seawater forming carbonic acid and is ultimately r ...
Opener 1/6/2015 What are “Big Ideas”? What are the four classroom
... With this relationship in mind, think about how it might be different to swim in fresh water vs. salt water? (think in terms of density) ...
... With this relationship in mind, think about how it might be different to swim in fresh water vs. salt water? (think in terms of density) ...
Brilliant “Morning Star” and “Evening Star”
... • But temperature is relatively higher, the atmosphere has relatively more water vapor • The greenhouse effect of the water vapor raised the temperature, and more liquid water evaporated • This further intensified the greenhouse effect, and raised the temperature even higher • This runaway process c ...
... • But temperature is relatively higher, the atmosphere has relatively more water vapor • The greenhouse effect of the water vapor raised the temperature, and more liquid water evaporated • This further intensified the greenhouse effect, and raised the temperature even higher • This runaway process c ...
Strategic Plan - Ocean Networks Canada
... The Pacific Ocean off southwestern Canada is dynamic; in the winter, winds drive currents northward, while in the summer, winds blow equatorward, making the area the northern limit of one of the world’s major eastern boundary currents—the California Current. Upwelling of deeper waters brings nutrien ...
... The Pacific Ocean off southwestern Canada is dynamic; in the winter, winds drive currents northward, while in the summer, winds blow equatorward, making the area the northern limit of one of the world’s major eastern boundary currents—the California Current. Upwelling of deeper waters brings nutrien ...
Chapter 1 Planet Earth
... About half of the solar energy that enters the atmosphere passes through it and reaches the Earth’s surface, while the rest of the energy is absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere by clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s ...
... About half of the solar energy that enters the atmosphere passes through it and reaches the Earth’s surface, while the rest of the energy is absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere by clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.