Biological Neurons and Neural Networks, Artificial Neurons
... 2. The cells body (soma) sums the incoming signals (spatially and temporally). 3. When sufficient input is received (i.e., a threshold is exceeded), the neuron generates an action potential or ‘spike’ (i.e., it ‘fires’). 4. That action potential is transmitted along the axon to other neurons, or to ...
... 2. The cells body (soma) sums the incoming signals (spatially and temporally). 3. When sufficient input is received (i.e., a threshold is exceeded), the neuron generates an action potential or ‘spike’ (i.e., it ‘fires’). 4. That action potential is transmitted along the axon to other neurons, or to ...
Chapter 9 - Nervous System
... The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating a wide variety of visceral activities and by linking the endocrine system with the nervous system. a. The hypothalamus regulates heart rate and arterial blood pressure, body temperature, water and electrolyte balance, hunger and body weight, movem ...
... The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating a wide variety of visceral activities and by linking the endocrine system with the nervous system. a. The hypothalamus regulates heart rate and arterial blood pressure, body temperature, water and electrolyte balance, hunger and body weight, movem ...
General Characteristics
... o Incomplete (mouth, but no anal opening) o 1st Pharynx: tube like, muscular organ, extends out of mouth, sucks in food o 2nd Gastrovascular cavity: food broken up by enzymes o 3rd Cells lining GC absorb nutrients through phagocytosis o 4th individual cells digest food o 5th some species (Planaria) ...
... o Incomplete (mouth, but no anal opening) o 1st Pharynx: tube like, muscular organ, extends out of mouth, sucks in food o 2nd Gastrovascular cavity: food broken up by enzymes o 3rd Cells lining GC absorb nutrients through phagocytosis o 4th individual cells digest food o 5th some species (Planaria) ...
AP Biology Study Guide
... Nerve Signals and Their Transmission 4. Define a resting potential and explain how it is created. 5. Explain how an action potential is produced and the resting membrane potential restored. 6. Explain (a) how an action potential propagates itself along a neuron, (b) why action potentials move in onl ...
... Nerve Signals and Their Transmission 4. Define a resting potential and explain how it is created. 5. Explain how an action potential is produced and the resting membrane potential restored. 6. Explain (a) how an action potential propagates itself along a neuron, (b) why action potentials move in onl ...
1 Revised 10/11/2016 The Physiology of the Senses Lecture 7
... 1. List the sequence of events that converts pressure on the skin into neuronal activity. 2. Evaluate unique qualities that are detected by each touch receptor type. 3. Contrast the connectivity of the Internet and the touch receptors to the cortex. 4. Describe 3 ways in which the activity from the ...
... 1. List the sequence of events that converts pressure on the skin into neuronal activity. 2. Evaluate unique qualities that are detected by each touch receptor type. 3. Contrast the connectivity of the Internet and the touch receptors to the cortex. 4. Describe 3 ways in which the activity from the ...
Nerve Histology Microscope Lab PRE-LAB
... cells; and Motor nerve cells, smear, ox spinal cord) Structurally, neurons are classified as multi-polar, bipolar and unipolar. They differ in the lengths of their processes (dendrites and axons) and their proximity to the cell body. Purkinje cells, These large neurons are found in the cerebellum of ...
... cells; and Motor nerve cells, smear, ox spinal cord) Structurally, neurons are classified as multi-polar, bipolar and unipolar. They differ in the lengths of their processes (dendrites and axons) and their proximity to the cell body. Purkinje cells, These large neurons are found in the cerebellum of ...
9/7/2012 1 Receptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me
... – Muscle stretch opens ion channels • Muscle spindle stretch receptor: – Responsible for the senses of posture and kinesthesia (sense of movement at a joint) – Sense organs of balance: vision, vestibular organs, muscle spindles ...
... – Muscle stretch opens ion channels • Muscle spindle stretch receptor: – Responsible for the senses of posture and kinesthesia (sense of movement at a joint) – Sense organs of balance: vision, vestibular organs, muscle spindles ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... c. adrenal medulla - both types are close to spinal cord, so sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short - sympathetic preganglionic fibers branch and may contact 10-20 postganglionic neurons = divergence - sympathetic preganglionic axons have 4 potential destinations: KNOW FIG. 16.5 reach sympat ...
... c. adrenal medulla - both types are close to spinal cord, so sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short - sympathetic preganglionic fibers branch and may contact 10-20 postganglionic neurons = divergence - sympathetic preganglionic axons have 4 potential destinations: KNOW FIG. 16.5 reach sympat ...
Neural Basis of Motor Control
... sensory receptors (e.g. skin, eyes, ears) 2. Motor (efferent) neurons sends information AWAY from the CNS to muscles or organs. 3. Inter-neurons: send information between sensory and motor neuron; most are located in CNS. ...
... sensory receptors (e.g. skin, eyes, ears) 2. Motor (efferent) neurons sends information AWAY from the CNS to muscles or organs. 3. Inter-neurons: send information between sensory and motor neuron; most are located in CNS. ...
Group 2 Jaymie, Kambria, Vita, Jordynn
... Nervous system main function is to coordinate all of the body’s activities, so when something goes wrong inside or outside the body, the system allows it to recognize and respond as needed. ...
... Nervous system main function is to coordinate all of the body’s activities, so when something goes wrong inside or outside the body, the system allows it to recognize and respond as needed. ...
Sensory receptors - E
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Final - Center for Neural Science
... #2 pencil on the accompanying scantron card. 1) In the study of perceptual processes, the term “transduction” is defined to be a) temporal patterning of nerve impulses. b) neural processing. c) the conversion of environmental energy into electrical energy. d) electrical stimulation in the nervous sy ...
... #2 pencil on the accompanying scantron card. 1) In the study of perceptual processes, the term “transduction” is defined to be a) temporal patterning of nerve impulses. b) neural processing. c) the conversion of environmental energy into electrical energy. d) electrical stimulation in the nervous sy ...
Pain
... neocortex (frontal lobe), relation to thalamus Accessory olfactory system – pheromones, vomeronasal organ Taste Receptor cells – localization, organization, taste buds, papillae, innervation (cranial nerves) Transduction mechanisms – direct effects on ion channels for salt and sour submodalies, indi ...
... neocortex (frontal lobe), relation to thalamus Accessory olfactory system – pheromones, vomeronasal organ Taste Receptor cells – localization, organization, taste buds, papillae, innervation (cranial nerves) Transduction mechanisms – direct effects on ion channels for salt and sour submodalies, indi ...
Part 1: From Ion Channels to behavior, HT2009 Course
... neocortex (frontal lobe), relation to thalamus Accessory olfactory system – pheromones, vomeronasal organ Taste Receptor cells – localization, organization, taste buds, papillae, innervation (cranial nerves) Transduction mechanisms – direct effects on ion channels for salt and sour submodalies, indi ...
... neocortex (frontal lobe), relation to thalamus Accessory olfactory system – pheromones, vomeronasal organ Taste Receptor cells – localization, organization, taste buds, papillae, innervation (cranial nerves) Transduction mechanisms – direct effects on ion channels for salt and sour submodalies, indi ...
Nervous System
... • Carries messages to and from the CNS • Sensory – carries information towards the CNS • Motor – carries information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands ...
... • Carries messages to and from the CNS • Sensory – carries information towards the CNS • Motor – carries information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands ...
Phases
... The positive feedback of the rising phase slows At the peak of the action potential, the sodium permeability is maximized and the membrane voltage Vm is nearly equal to the sodium equilibrium voltage ENa. However, the same raised voltage that opened the sodium channels initially also slowly shuts th ...
... The positive feedback of the rising phase slows At the peak of the action potential, the sodium permeability is maximized and the membrane voltage Vm is nearly equal to the sodium equilibrium voltage ENa. However, the same raised voltage that opened the sodium channels initially also slowly shuts th ...
NeuroReview1
... unmyelinated axons. Dorsal and Ventral Horns are gray matter. White Matter = myelinated axons Spinal Nerves are attached to spinal cord at 31 different levels (62 spinal nerves). ...
... unmyelinated axons. Dorsal and Ventral Horns are gray matter. White Matter = myelinated axons Spinal Nerves are attached to spinal cord at 31 different levels (62 spinal nerves). ...
Questions for Exam #3
... B-4. Capsaicin changes (the threshold for firing an AP) (the distance to threshold) (the Na+ equilibrium potential) (none of these). Explain briefly how capsaicin increases sensitivity to heat. 2 pts each part of B, 8 total. 2 pts for the explanation. There is no EPSP in receptor cells; they are pre ...
... B-4. Capsaicin changes (the threshold for firing an AP) (the distance to threshold) (the Na+ equilibrium potential) (none of these). Explain briefly how capsaicin increases sensitivity to heat. 2 pts each part of B, 8 total. 2 pts for the explanation. There is no EPSP in receptor cells; they are pre ...
Neural Integration - Oakton Community College
... Rapid, automatic responses to stimuli Components of reflex arc: Stimulus Receptor--translates stimulus into A.P. Sensory neuron--carries A.P. to CNS Integration center--CNS Motor neuron--carries A.P. to effector (muscle) Effector--executes appropriate response ...
... Rapid, automatic responses to stimuli Components of reflex arc: Stimulus Receptor--translates stimulus into A.P. Sensory neuron--carries A.P. to CNS Integration center--CNS Motor neuron--carries A.P. to effector (muscle) Effector--executes appropriate response ...
Chapter 48
... Conduction of Action Potentials At the site where the action potential is generated (usually the axon hillock) an electrical current depolarizes the neighboring region of the axon membrane Action potentials travel in only one direction: toward the synaptic terminals ...
... Conduction of Action Potentials At the site where the action potential is generated (usually the axon hillock) an electrical current depolarizes the neighboring region of the axon membrane Action potentials travel in only one direction: toward the synaptic terminals ...
48 BIOLOGY 1. Overview of Neurons 11/3/2014
... Graded Potentials Graded potentials are changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with strength of the stimulus ...
... Graded Potentials Graded potentials are changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with strength of the stimulus ...
Fourth week
... in short-term memory, and other structures involved in the olfactory pathways Next, the telencephalon produces the basal ganglia, which will eventually contain structures that control movement, sensory information, and some types of learning. The amygdala will eventually help the brain attach emotio ...
... in short-term memory, and other structures involved in the olfactory pathways Next, the telencephalon produces the basal ganglia, which will eventually contain structures that control movement, sensory information, and some types of learning. The amygdala will eventually help the brain attach emotio ...
Lab Report
... Objective: You will observe different cell types found in living organisms and compare the cell structure to its function. You will explain the similarities and differences amongst these cell types and describe how their structure relates to their function. Part One: Skeletal (Striated) Muscle There ...
... Objective: You will observe different cell types found in living organisms and compare the cell structure to its function. You will explain the similarities and differences amongst these cell types and describe how their structure relates to their function. Part One: Skeletal (Striated) Muscle There ...
BIOPSYCHOLOGY notes
... • They are not considered neurons because they don’t have an action potential, but they do a lot of necessary work that supports neuron functioning. ...
... • They are not considered neurons because they don’t have an action potential, but they do a lot of necessary work that supports neuron functioning. ...
Chapter 21
... ii. mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, and anus iii. muscles, tendons, and joints iv. internal ear 2. Some parts of the body are densely populated with receptors (e.g., tip of tongue, lips, fingertips) and other parts of the body have few receptors (e.g., back of neck). 3. Somatic sensations tha ...
... ii. mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, and anus iii. muscles, tendons, and joints iv. internal ear 2. Some parts of the body are densely populated with receptors (e.g., tip of tongue, lips, fingertips) and other parts of the body have few receptors (e.g., back of neck). 3. Somatic sensations tha ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.