ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs ACMD consideration of tramadol
... more than 700 times more potent than the parent compound. This suggests that the O-demethylated metabolite may account for most of tramadol‟s opiate-mediated analgesic activity (Gillen et al., 2000)3. A range of other pharmacological actions have been attributed to tramadol. In particular, it has be ...
... more than 700 times more potent than the parent compound. This suggests that the O-demethylated metabolite may account for most of tramadol‟s opiate-mediated analgesic activity (Gillen et al., 2000)3. A range of other pharmacological actions have been attributed to tramadol. In particular, it has be ...
H • LAC Westbury
... Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic opioid antitussive and analgesic with multiple actions qualitatively similar to those of codeine . The precise mechanism of action of hydrocodone and other opiates is not known ; however, hydrocodone is believed to act directly on the cough center . In excessive doses ...
... Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic opioid antitussive and analgesic with multiple actions qualitatively similar to those of codeine . The precise mechanism of action of hydrocodone and other opiates is not known ; however, hydrocodone is believed to act directly on the cough center . In excessive doses ...
ERLN-TB expert opinion on the use of the rapid molecular assays
... Rapid molecular assays for the detection of TB and drug-resistant TB in clinical specimens are molecular assays based on detection of specific nucleotide sequences and/or mutations in the M. tuberculosis genome, indicative of the presence of M. tuberculosis and/or associated with drug resistance. Th ...
... Rapid molecular assays for the detection of TB and drug-resistant TB in clinical specimens are molecular assays based on detection of specific nucleotide sequences and/or mutations in the M. tuberculosis genome, indicative of the presence of M. tuberculosis and/or associated with drug resistance. Th ...
Amphotericin B as a mycolic acid specific targeting agent in tuberculosis
... this study, a model was created to target isoniazid (toxophore) specifically to a cholesterol rich environment where mycobacteria reside in macrophages, by making use of a sterol binding drug, Amphotericin B (haptophore). Isoniazid was covalently linked to Amphotericin B via a Schiff base to a linke ...
... this study, a model was created to target isoniazid (toxophore) specifically to a cholesterol rich environment where mycobacteria reside in macrophages, by making use of a sterol binding drug, Amphotericin B (haptophore). Isoniazid was covalently linked to Amphotericin B via a Schiff base to a linke ...
Transungual Drug Delivery: An Overview
... used to decrease the nail barrier. Within each of these broad categories, many techniques exist to enhance penetration. Mechanical modes of penetration enhancement are typically straightforward, and have the most in vivo experience associated with them. In contrast, many of the chemical and physical ...
... used to decrease the nail barrier. Within each of these broad categories, many techniques exist to enhance penetration. Mechanical modes of penetration enhancement are typically straightforward, and have the most in vivo experience associated with them. In contrast, many of the chemical and physical ...
The Enzyme as a Catalyst
... Enzymes make up a substantial portion of the total protein of the cell. A typical cell contains about 3000 different kinds of enzyme molecules and many copies of each kind. Within a cell, chemical reactions take place within a narrow temperature and pH range. This is possible because enzymes general ...
... Enzymes make up a substantial portion of the total protein of the cell. A typical cell contains about 3000 different kinds of enzyme molecules and many copies of each kind. Within a cell, chemical reactions take place within a narrow temperature and pH range. This is possible because enzymes general ...
Life Sciences, Vol. 32, pp. 971{-978 /_ Pergamo n Press
... of the central action of hallucinogenic drugs and was therefore used for the quantitative behavioral analysis in this study (6). No claim is being made that cats given LSD are hallucinating, since it is impossible to know what a nonverbal organism is experiencing. The behavioral syndrome, especially ...
... of the central action of hallucinogenic drugs and was therefore used for the quantitative behavioral analysis in this study (6). No claim is being made that cats given LSD are hallucinating, since it is impossible to know what a nonverbal organism is experiencing. The behavioral syndrome, especially ...
Marijuana as a Schedule I Substance: Political Ploy or Accepted
... Significantly, dangerous physical reactions to marijuana are almost unknown.53 "No human being is known to have died of an overdosage."5 4 This distinguishes marijuana from other controlled substances, which universally have the potential for lethal effects. Many studies focus on the effects of mari ...
... Significantly, dangerous physical reactions to marijuana are almost unknown.53 "No human being is known to have died of an overdosage."5 4 This distinguishes marijuana from other controlled substances, which universally have the potential for lethal effects. Many studies focus on the effects of mari ...
UNDERSTANDING OUR NATURAL NAIL – ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS Review Article
... The body normally hosts a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Some are useful and others may cause infections. Fungi can live on the dead tissues of the hairs, nails. Continuous exposal of nail to warm, moist environments usually develops nail infection. Nails are the hard and d ...
... The body normally hosts a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Some are useful and others may cause infections. Fungi can live on the dead tissues of the hairs, nails. Continuous exposal of nail to warm, moist environments usually develops nail infection. Nails are the hard and d ...
Prevalence and nature of adverse drug events and the potential for
... the medical records, ADEs and their preventability were assessed manually by pharmacists and physicians, in a stepwise manner. A meta-analysis and a systematic literature review were conducted to summarise previous literature on preventable ADRs and methods to assess the preventability of ADEs. Resu ...
... the medical records, ADEs and their preventability were assessed manually by pharmacists and physicians, in a stepwise manner. A meta-analysis and a systematic literature review were conducted to summarise previous literature on preventable ADRs and methods to assess the preventability of ADEs. Resu ...
Central Nervous System Permeation of Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen and
... regulate extremely efficiently the CNS transport of both small and large molecules. The CNS distribution of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, indomethacin and ketoprofen is of interest, because in addition to their well-known peripheral effects, they may also have imp ...
... regulate extremely efficiently the CNS transport of both small and large molecules. The CNS distribution of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, indomethacin and ketoprofen is of interest, because in addition to their well-known peripheral effects, they may also have imp ...
Influence of Vesicle Size, Lipid Composition, and
... (6, 8), alopecia (6) and urinary albumin concentration (8, 9), as well as dermal necrosis resulting from extravasation (10) can be reduced or eliminated by employing liposomal doxorubicin. This reduction in toxicity has been correlated with decreased drug accumulation in tissues associated with the ...
... (6, 8), alopecia (6) and urinary albumin concentration (8, 9), as well as dermal necrosis resulting from extravasation (10) can be reduced or eliminated by employing liposomal doxorubicin. This reduction in toxicity has been correlated with decreased drug accumulation in tissues associated with the ...
pharmacology basic principles
... Apparent volume of distribution: total drug present in body / measured plasma conc of drug Since some drugs are 100% bound to tissue structures small amount in soln v large apparent vol of distribution Determining factors: 1) Protein binding: measured as % drug in blood that is not dialyzable; d ...
... Apparent volume of distribution: total drug present in body / measured plasma conc of drug Since some drugs are 100% bound to tissue structures small amount in soln v large apparent vol of distribution Determining factors: 1) Protein binding: measured as % drug in blood that is not dialyzable; d ...
Af,A^yV"-Triethylenethiophosphoramide (Thio
... interact with a group of membrane-bound monooxygenase en zymes termed cytochromes P450 (2). The P450 enzymes are expressed at high levels in the liver, where they play a key role in the oxidative metabolism of a diverse group of endogenous substrates as well as foreign compounds including many drugs ...
... interact with a group of membrane-bound monooxygenase en zymes termed cytochromes P450 (2). The P450 enzymes are expressed at high levels in the liver, where they play a key role in the oxidative metabolism of a diverse group of endogenous substrates as well as foreign compounds including many drugs ...
investigation of electrostatic charging phenomena in dry powder
... Dry powder inhalers (DPI) are an important drug delivery option, for the treatment of respiratory diseases, and, increasingly, for the delivery of systemically acting drugs and vaccines. Most DPI formulations consist of micronized drug blended with larger carrier particles. The interactions between ...
... Dry powder inhalers (DPI) are an important drug delivery option, for the treatment of respiratory diseases, and, increasingly, for the delivery of systemically acting drugs and vaccines. Most DPI formulations consist of micronized drug blended with larger carrier particles. The interactions between ...
Development and validation of gas chromatography method for low
... Hydrochloride. The molecular formula is C21H21ClN4OS.HCl and the molecular weight is 449.42. Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride and Isopropyl chloride may form at the salt formation step, as Ziprasidone base in alcohol solvent (Methanol, Ethanol or Isopropanol) is treated with hydrochloric acid leading ...
... Hydrochloride. The molecular formula is C21H21ClN4OS.HCl and the molecular weight is 449.42. Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride and Isopropyl chloride may form at the salt formation step, as Ziprasidone base in alcohol solvent (Methanol, Ethanol or Isopropanol) is treated with hydrochloric acid leading ...
KINETIC STUDY OF ACAMPROSATE ABSORPTION IN RAT SMALL
... that reason, additional experiments, using acamprosate at a concentration of 10–4 M, were carried out, in the control pairfed and alcohol groups, in these sodium chloride was substituted with choline chloride in order to maintain the osmotic balance. Thus, it is possible to calculate drug influx in ...
... that reason, additional experiments, using acamprosate at a concentration of 10–4 M, were carried out, in the control pairfed and alcohol groups, in these sodium chloride was substituted with choline chloride in order to maintain the osmotic balance. Thus, it is possible to calculate drug influx in ...
Overcoming the Stratum Corneum: The Modulation of Skin Penetration
... are able to promote the transport of actives across the skin barrier. There are a variety of mechanisms for penetration enhancement by these substances [17]. One possibility is the interaction of the enhancers with the polar headgroups of the lipids. The lipid-lipid headgroup interactions and the pa ...
... are able to promote the transport of actives across the skin barrier. There are a variety of mechanisms for penetration enhancement by these substances [17]. One possibility is the interaction of the enhancers with the polar headgroups of the lipids. The lipid-lipid headgroup interactions and the pa ...
Seizures
... 3. Duration of therapy: 2-3 years. 4. Change drug or add a second drug and/or combination ----gradually. 5. Withdrawn or discontinue ...
... 3. Duration of therapy: 2-3 years. 4. Change drug or add a second drug and/or combination ----gradually. 5. Withdrawn or discontinue ...
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and morphine
... by drug abuse. These neurotransmitters have pivotal contribution in hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization in addicted animals. It is likely that saffron extract modulate morphine-induced behavioral sensitization by alteration of dopamine and glutamate release in the rewarding areas (Ettehadi et ...
... by drug abuse. These neurotransmitters have pivotal contribution in hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization in addicted animals. It is likely that saffron extract modulate morphine-induced behavioral sensitization by alteration of dopamine and glutamate release in the rewarding areas (Ettehadi et ...
... from peroxidases reconstituted with protohemin, 2formyl-4-vinyldeuterohemin, 2-vinyl-4-formyldeuterohemin, 2,4-dimethyldeuterohemin, and 2,4-diacetyldeuterohemin reveal that these Fe(IV) porphyrin 'IT-cation radicals take the ZA,u or peroxidase-type electronic ground state. Compound I of deuterohemi ...
intravenous buprenorphine in humans
... persisted for 24 hours after the lower doses and up to 48 hours after the high dose. In these same subjects, intravenous buprenorphine caused a long-lasting decrease in pupil size and a diminution in the constriction and dilation velocities and the amplitude of the light reflex.33 Jasinski et al.° r ...
... persisted for 24 hours after the lower doses and up to 48 hours after the high dose. In these same subjects, intravenous buprenorphine caused a long-lasting decrease in pupil size and a diminution in the constriction and dilation velocities and the amplitude of the light reflex.33 Jasinski et al.° r ...
(1) - PhUSE Wiki
... This paper attempts to give recommendations for difficult decisions related to the analysis of difficult topics such as QT interval correction, baseline, and PK/PD analysis. Since there are on-going discussions regarding these topics the recommendations made here are mainly based on the authors expe ...
... This paper attempts to give recommendations for difficult decisions related to the analysis of difficult topics such as QT interval correction, baseline, and PK/PD analysis. Since there are on-going discussions regarding these topics the recommendations made here are mainly based on the authors expe ...
Chondroitin Sulphate: Antioxidant Properties and Beneficial Effects
... Abstract: Most biological molecules exhibit more than one function. In particular, many molecules have the ability to directly/indirectly scavenge free radicals and thus act in living organisms as antioxidant. During oxidative stress, the increase of these molecules levels seems to be a biological r ...
... Abstract: Most biological molecules exhibit more than one function. In particular, many molecules have the ability to directly/indirectly scavenge free radicals and thus act in living organisms as antioxidant. During oxidative stress, the increase of these molecules levels seems to be a biological r ...
Drug design
Drug design, sometimes referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient. In the most basic sense, drug design involves the design of molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the biomolecular target with which they interact and therefore will bind to it. Drug design frequently but not necessarily relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of modeling is often referred to as computer-aided drug design. Finally, drug design that relies on the knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the biomolecular target is known as structure-based drug design. In addition to small molecules, biopharmaceuticals and especially therapeutic antibodies are an increasingly important class of drugs and computational methods for improving the affinity, selectivity, and stability of these protein-based therapeutics have also been developed.The phrase ""drug design"" is to some extent a misnomer. A more accurate term is ligand design (i.e., design of a molecule that will bind tightly to its target). Although design techniques for prediction of binding affinity are reasonably successful, there are many other properties, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., that first must be optimized before a ligand can become a safe and efficacious drug. These other characteristics are often difficult to predict with rational design techniques. Nevertheless, due to high attrition rates, especially during clinical phases of drug development, more attention is being focused early in the drug design process on selecting candidate drugs whose physicochemical properties are predicted to result in fewer complications during development and hence more likely to lead to an approved, marketed drug. Furthermore, in vitro experiments complemented with computation methods are increasingly used in early drug discovery to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological profiles.