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A continent-wide assessment of the form and intensity of large
... S6 and S7; and table S6). The clearest association between an herbivome and a single HFT is the classification of the forested tropical regions as the “forest duiker herbivome,” which closely matches the area of high biomass of small nonsocial browsers (Figs. 3B and 5B). The “arid gazelle herbivome” ...
... S6 and S7; and table S6). The clearest association between an herbivome and a single HFT is the classification of the forested tropical regions as the “forest duiker herbivome,” which closely matches the area of high biomass of small nonsocial browsers (Figs. 3B and 5B). The “arid gazelle herbivome” ...
Soil salinity in Veneto plain. Introduction Soil
... Strategyof the European Union (COM231/2006). In the recent proposal of Framework Directive of the European Commission (COM232/2006) salinization is one of threats that must be identified in specific risk areas. Along Veneto coastal and lagoon inland area soil salinity is an incoming problem: these a ...
... Strategyof the European Union (COM231/2006). In the recent proposal of Framework Directive of the European Commission (COM232/2006) salinization is one of threats that must be identified in specific risk areas. Along Veneto coastal and lagoon inland area soil salinity is an incoming problem: these a ...
Reducing Livestock Effects on Public Lands in the Western United
... channels, and altered water quality (increased temperatures and sediment loads). These changes have many negative biological effects, including those on imperiled resident and anadromous fish (NRC 1996, 2002). Because the legacy effects of livestock were significant and extensive, contemporary grazi ...
... channels, and altered water quality (increased temperatures and sediment loads). These changes have many negative biological effects, including those on imperiled resident and anadromous fish (NRC 1996, 2002). Because the legacy effects of livestock were significant and extensive, contemporary grazi ...
Soybean Fertility: Functions, Deficiency, Management
... three (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) are supplied primarily by air and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three major soil supplied nutrients that are needed in greater amounts. The secondary nutrients, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, and s ...
... three (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) are supplied primarily by air and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three major soil supplied nutrients that are needed in greater amounts. The secondary nutrients, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, and s ...
resources from another place and time: responses to pulses in a
... during intermittent resource pulses followed by periods of dependence on stored reserves will persist in strongly pulsed environments. However, because numerous strategies exist for optimizing growth and storage during pulses and for persisting through interpulse periods, Chesson and Huntly (1997) p ...
... during intermittent resource pulses followed by periods of dependence on stored reserves will persist in strongly pulsed environments. However, because numerous strategies exist for optimizing growth and storage during pulses and for persisting through interpulse periods, Chesson and Huntly (1997) p ...
Aquatic Biodiversity
... important economic and ecosystem services – Scientific investigation of these poorly understood ecosystems could lead to immense ecological and economic benefits – Aquatic ecosystems and fisheries are being severely degraded by human activities that lead to aquatic habitat disruption and loss of bio ...
... important economic and ecosystem services – Scientific investigation of these poorly understood ecosystems could lead to immense ecological and economic benefits – Aquatic ecosystems and fisheries are being severely degraded by human activities that lead to aquatic habitat disruption and loss of bio ...
When is a trophic cascade a trophic cascade?
... interaction as a trophic cascade, regardless of the exact mechanism by which the indirect interaction occurs (e.g. trophic cascades would include strong effects arising from indirect interactions, such as keystone or intraguild predation). Second, this definition (which includes both species-level a ...
... interaction as a trophic cascade, regardless of the exact mechanism by which the indirect interaction occurs (e.g. trophic cascades would include strong effects arising from indirect interactions, such as keystone or intraguild predation). Second, this definition (which includes both species-level a ...
Topdressed K for Last-Year Alfalfa May Not Pay
... fertilizer uptake efficiencies (uptake of nutrient/unit of nutrient applied) of over 100% for the 50 lb K2O rate and 40% for the 200 lb K2O rate. The lower K rate may have improved soil K uptake by the crop. Plants often can absorb K in amounts that exceed their need, a process called ‘luxury consum ...
... fertilizer uptake efficiencies (uptake of nutrient/unit of nutrient applied) of over 100% for the 50 lb K2O rate and 40% for the 200 lb K2O rate. The lower K rate may have improved soil K uptake by the crop. Plants often can absorb K in amounts that exceed their need, a process called ‘luxury consum ...
Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska
... increased forest is significantly not both salmon and bear, but by either species of salmon and bear The interactions individually. to of ...
... increased forest is significantly not both salmon and bear, but by either species of salmon and bear The interactions individually. to of ...
An Ecological Assessment of Insect Diversity at Organic Central
... Similarly, Donald and Evans (2006) note sustainable agroecological practices can help improve species diversity and lead to healthy ecosystems by reversing the damages of industrial agricultural practices. With the global food demand projected to double due to a predicted 50% increase in the world ...
... Similarly, Donald and Evans (2006) note sustainable agroecological practices can help improve species diversity and lead to healthy ecosystems by reversing the damages of industrial agricultural practices. With the global food demand projected to double due to a predicted 50% increase in the world ...
Thrall, P. H., M. E. Hochberg, J. J. Burdon and J. D. Bever. 2007
... fungi) also suggest that mutualisms decline with increasing nutrient availability [24]. The convergence of results from multiple modelling frameworks suggests that the expected shift from mutualism to parasitism with increasing productivity (Figure 1a) is robust. Similar predictions regarding the ex ...
... fungi) also suggest that mutualisms decline with increasing nutrient availability [24]. The convergence of results from multiple modelling frameworks suggests that the expected shift from mutualism to parasitism with increasing productivity (Figure 1a) is robust. Similar predictions regarding the ex ...
Non-consumptive effects of a top-predator decrease the strength of
... top-predator presence on primary producers through their non-consumptive effects on mesopredators and their herbivorous prey in a four-level terrestrial experimental food chain. Non-consumptive and consumptive interactions are intrinsically linked, with predators often changing both prey behaviour a ...
... top-predator presence on primary producers through their non-consumptive effects on mesopredators and their herbivorous prey in a four-level terrestrial experimental food chain. Non-consumptive and consumptive interactions are intrinsically linked, with predators often changing both prey behaviour a ...
Bioenergy and Wildlife: Threats and Opportunities for Grassland Conservation
... from plant biomass either through fermentation or thermochemical processes), and bioelectricity and bioheat (e.g., from biomass burners or gasifiers). We consider the effects of biomass production on both terrestrial and aquatic systems. We define wildlife broadly to include all nondomesticated anim ...
... from plant biomass either through fermentation or thermochemical processes), and bioelectricity and bioheat (e.g., from biomass burners or gasifiers). We consider the effects of biomass production on both terrestrial and aquatic systems. We define wildlife broadly to include all nondomesticated anim ...
Preston et al. 2012 comm invasions
... Abstract. With many ecosystems now supporting multiple nonnative species from different trophic levels, it can be challenging to disentangle the net effects of invaders within a community context. Here, we combined wetland surveys with a mesocosm experiment to examine the individual and combined eff ...
... Abstract. With many ecosystems now supporting multiple nonnative species from different trophic levels, it can be challenging to disentangle the net effects of invaders within a community context. Here, we combined wetland surveys with a mesocosm experiment to examine the individual and combined eff ...
Global biodiversity patterns of marine phytoplankton and zooplankton
... the search for global biodiversity patterns of plants and herbivores. The biodiversity of plants and herbivores often depends on ecosystem productivity. The available evidence suggests that several diversity–productivity patterns are possible4,5, that these patterns change with the scale of observat ...
... the search for global biodiversity patterns of plants and herbivores. The biodiversity of plants and herbivores often depends on ecosystem productivity. The available evidence suggests that several diversity–productivity patterns are possible4,5, that these patterns change with the scale of observat ...
Impact of Pollutants on Coastal and Benthic Marine Communities
... (MT) genes and MT protein synthesis [25, 26]. In mussels, two families of MT isoforms have been characterised recently [27]; it has been suggested that these isoforms may accomplish different functions in presence of different metals and stressors. Whereas the monomeric MT10 isoforms have been repor ...
... (MT) genes and MT protein synthesis [25, 26]. In mussels, two families of MT isoforms have been characterised recently [27]; it has been suggested that these isoforms may accomplish different functions in presence of different metals and stressors. Whereas the monomeric MT10 isoforms have been repor ...
The distribution of deer biomass in North America supports the
... introduced and recolonizing gray wolves have been rapidly expanding in recent years (Bangs & Fritts 1996), if managers allow a natural equilibrium to establish between wolves and their prey in the presence of a bear species. The equilibrium biomass of deer should exceed that observed in the moose ra ...
... introduced and recolonizing gray wolves have been rapidly expanding in recent years (Bangs & Fritts 1996), if managers allow a natural equilibrium to establish between wolves and their prey in the presence of a bear species. The equilibrium biomass of deer should exceed that observed in the moose ra ...
The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants Revisited: A Re
... N losses due to leaching, denitrification and fire, ecosystems may remain Nlimited over long periods of time. Third, detrital N is mostly carbon-bonded whereas detrital P is mostly ester-bonded and often soluble. Due to the production of extracellular phosphatases, this phosphorus may quickly become ...
... N losses due to leaching, denitrification and fire, ecosystems may remain Nlimited over long periods of time. Third, detrital N is mostly carbon-bonded whereas detrital P is mostly ester-bonded and often soluble. Due to the production of extracellular phosphatases, this phosphorus may quickly become ...
Transfer of fixed nitrogen to bacteria associated with filamentous
... Nodularia sp. are the three main nitrogen fixers in the Baltic Sea. During summer, these species form massive blooms in the photic zone, gaining the energy required for nitrogen fixation through photosynth ...
... Nodularia sp. are the three main nitrogen fixers in the Baltic Sea. During summer, these species form massive blooms in the photic zone, gaining the energy required for nitrogen fixation through photosynth ...
Ecosystem oceanography for global change in fisheries
... appear to be exacerbated by the lack of food due to prey overfishing [4,5]. Depletion of top predators can drastically change the functioning of marine ecosystems [6,7]. Consequently, a strong societal demand for managing marine resources from an ecosystem perspective is crystallising around the int ...
... appear to be exacerbated by the lack of food due to prey overfishing [4,5]. Depletion of top predators can drastically change the functioning of marine ecosystems [6,7]. Consequently, a strong societal demand for managing marine resources from an ecosystem perspective is crystallising around the int ...
Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and the Changing
... The occurrence of kelp forests or urchin barrens is a predictable consequence of the presence or absence of sea otters in outer coast reef environments across much of the eastern North Pacific Ocean (Estes and Duggins 1995). By contrast, population and community structure varies substantially over t ...
... The occurrence of kelp forests or urchin barrens is a predictable consequence of the presence or absence of sea otters in outer coast reef environments across much of the eastern North Pacific Ocean (Estes and Duggins 1995). By contrast, population and community structure varies substantially over t ...
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... stopped all together completely. Other areas will experience sudden downpours that create massive floods. If the present arctic ice melting continues, the sea could rise as much as 2 meters by the middle of the next century. Large areas of coastal land would disappear. Plants and other wildlife habi ...
... stopped all together completely. Other areas will experience sudden downpours that create massive floods. If the present arctic ice melting continues, the sea could rise as much as 2 meters by the middle of the next century. Large areas of coastal land would disappear. Plants and other wildlife habi ...
BIOSC 141-S14 96KB Jul 14 2014 05:40:02 PM
... 5. Discuss and interpret the structure, function, and evolution of prokaryotic Archaea and Bacteria. Discuss the ecological roles of Bacteria and Archaea. 6. Interpret, evaluate, and discuss the relationship of mitosis and meiosis in gametic, zygotic, and sporric life cycles in the Protist, Fungal, ...
... 5. Discuss and interpret the structure, function, and evolution of prokaryotic Archaea and Bacteria. Discuss the ecological roles of Bacteria and Archaea. 6. Interpret, evaluate, and discuss the relationship of mitosis and meiosis in gametic, zygotic, and sporric life cycles in the Protist, Fungal, ...
American Journal of Botany
... Q1. How does producer diversity influence the efficiency and productivity of ecosystems? When averaged across all possible species, the net effect of species loss is to … H1a. reduce the standing biomass of a producer community (tissue per area or volume) H1b. reduce the efficiency by which primary ...
... Q1. How does producer diversity influence the efficiency and productivity of ecosystems? When averaged across all possible species, the net effect of species loss is to … H1a. reduce the standing biomass of a producer community (tissue per area or volume) H1b. reduce the efficiency by which primary ...
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle is diverse. Agricultural and industrial nitrogen (N) inputs to the environment currently exceed inputs from natural N fixation. As a consequence of anthropogenic inputs, the global nitrogen cycle (Fig. 1) has been significantly altered over the past century. Global atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) mole fractions have increased from a pre-industrial value of ~270 nmol/mol to ~319 nmol/mol in 2005. Human activities account for over one-third of N2O emissions, most of which are due to the agricultural sector. This article is intended to give a brief review of the history of anthropogenic N inputs, and reported impacts of nitrogen inputs on selected terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.