Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
Cell numbers in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of AS and AS
... both nuclei in AS and AS/AGU rats. The numbers of cells in particular brain regions or nuclei is a fundamental piece of information and cell counts have been carried out in many brain areas in many different species and using many different methods. Serotonergic neurons in the brain and the raphe nu ...
... both nuclei in AS and AS/AGU rats. The numbers of cells in particular brain regions or nuclei is a fundamental piece of information and cell counts have been carried out in many brain areas in many different species and using many different methods. Serotonergic neurons in the brain and the raphe nu ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... schematic of the supporting circuitry. The LGN has only two cell types: projection neurons driven by the retina and inhibitory interneurons, which also receive retinal input. The interneurons are supplemented by another class of nearby (extrinsic) inhibitory neurons in the thalamic 1 Functional grou ...
... schematic of the supporting circuitry. The LGN has only two cell types: projection neurons driven by the retina and inhibitory interneurons, which also receive retinal input. The interneurons are supplemented by another class of nearby (extrinsic) inhibitory neurons in the thalamic 1 Functional grou ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... rate of 1.7 spikes/s during the baseline period to 7.9 spikes/s (two-tailed t test, p < 10 -3). The neuron did not change its firing rate in response to other faces, or to other black and white drawings (we are not claiming that this is the only possible stimulus to which the neuron would respond, s ...
... rate of 1.7 spikes/s during the baseline period to 7.9 spikes/s (two-tailed t test, p < 10 -3). The neuron did not change its firing rate in response to other faces, or to other black and white drawings (we are not claiming that this is the only possible stimulus to which the neuron would respond, s ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... et al. 1997; Bodor et al. 2008). These inhibitory afferents principally enter the VM and inhibitory input-dominant zone (IZ) of the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives ...
... et al. 1997; Bodor et al. 2008). These inhibitory afferents principally enter the VM and inhibitory input-dominant zone (IZ) of the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives ...
No Slide Title
... Grammaticization: From bag of tricks to systematic syntax Karine Megerdoomian: Unlocking the CF of verbs ...
... Grammaticization: From bag of tricks to systematic syntax Karine Megerdoomian: Unlocking the CF of verbs ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... the corresponding initialization values). Whereas only the neurons are initialized by means of the partial reset, the entire reset initializes the neurons and the synapses. The initialization values are deterministic with the hardreset methods, and they are random with the random-reset methods. The ...
... the corresponding initialization values). Whereas only the neurons are initialized by means of the partial reset, the entire reset initializes the neurons and the synapses. The initialization values are deterministic with the hardreset methods, and they are random with the random-reset methods. The ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of ph ...
... of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of ph ...
CNS Slide Show
... constitutes about four-fifths of the diencephalon two thalami are joined medially by a narrow intermediate mass composed of at least 23 nuclei – we will consider five major functional groups the “gateway to the cerebral cortex” – nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in the thal ...
... constitutes about four-fifths of the diencephalon two thalami are joined medially by a narrow intermediate mass composed of at least 23 nuclei – we will consider five major functional groups the “gateway to the cerebral cortex” – nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in the thal ...
... Click here for publications related to neuropeptides The long term goal of this project is to identify factors that regulate secretion of neuropeptides generally, and to determine how these peptides regulate behavior. The motivation for this project is two-fold. First, insulin secretion, and its mis ...
Sensorimotor Neural Plasticity following Hand Transplantation
... from the regenerating axons. Poor specificity can result because target organs are reinnervated by nerve fibers that originally had a different function (Navarro et al., 2007). The plasticity of central connections within the cortex could be compensation offunctionality for this lack of specificity. ...
... from the regenerating axons. Poor specificity can result because target organs are reinnervated by nerve fibers that originally had a different function (Navarro et al., 2007). The plasticity of central connections within the cortex could be compensation offunctionality for this lack of specificity. ...
The neural circuitry necessary for decision making by
... Growing neurophysiological evidence indicates that during decision making single neurons can integrate the sensory evidence in favour of a particular response. Mathematical models can describe the dynamics of this evidence accumulation process (Ratcliff et al, 2003; Reddi & Carpenter, 2000) and prom ...
... Growing neurophysiological evidence indicates that during decision making single neurons can integrate the sensory evidence in favour of a particular response. Mathematical models can describe the dynamics of this evidence accumulation process (Ratcliff et al, 2003; Reddi & Carpenter, 2000) and prom ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... auditory input from HVc (Vates et al., 1996). In agreement with this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996 ...
... auditory input from HVc (Vates et al., 1996). In agreement with this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996 ...
Histology of Normal Tissues - SM Group| Open Access eBooks
... The simple branched acinar gland consists of a single excretory duct and several secretory acini. The cells of secretory acini contain a central nucleus and vacuolar cytoplasm. As the secretion product builds up, the nucleus becomes pyknotic and the cytoplasm more vacuolar. The secretory product con ...
... The simple branched acinar gland consists of a single excretory duct and several secretory acini. The cells of secretory acini contain a central nucleus and vacuolar cytoplasm. As the secretion product builds up, the nucleus becomes pyknotic and the cytoplasm more vacuolar. The secretory product con ...
Extrinsic Determinants of Retinal Ganglion Cell Structure in the Cat
... sizes of p cells in the part of the area centralis depleted of but a few were in the nasalretina ipsilateral to the intact hemisphere.Another group of cells was on the border betweenganganglion cells (Fig. 2F) are significantly larger that p cells (Fig. 2E) in correspondingregionsof normal density. ...
... sizes of p cells in the part of the area centralis depleted of but a few were in the nasalretina ipsilateral to the intact hemisphere.Another group of cells was on the border betweenganganglion cells (Fig. 2F) are significantly larger that p cells (Fig. 2E) in correspondingregionsof normal density. ...
This article was originally published in the
... attention. This idea is supported by the finding that blood flow to PCC increases when spatial attention is shifted contralaterally, whereas blood flow to ACC increases in a nonselective fashion. Cingulate cortex is unique among attentional control areas by virtue of its strong connections to limbic ...
... attention. This idea is supported by the finding that blood flow to PCC increases when spatial attention is shifted contralaterally, whereas blood flow to ACC increases in a nonselective fashion. Cingulate cortex is unique among attentional control areas by virtue of its strong connections to limbic ...
Evolution and intelligence: beyond the argument
... introduce biases into evolution that may have had a significant effect on the ways genes determine cell types and body structures. The extent to which these can account for a large fraction of the patterns of organism design and evolution is still unknown. But I want to argue that these do not exhau ...
... introduce biases into evolution that may have had a significant effect on the ways genes determine cell types and body structures. The extent to which these can account for a large fraction of the patterns of organism design and evolution is still unknown. But I want to argue that these do not exhau ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Cytomegalovirus (CMV)–GFP plasmid DNA (pGreen Lantern) was purchased from Invitrogen. Gene gun cartridges were prepared according to the manufacturer’s protocol with slight modifications: for each 25 inch plastic tube, 12 mg of gold particles (1.0 or 1.6 m diameter) and 25 g of plasmid DNA (1 g/ ...
... Cytomegalovirus (CMV)–GFP plasmid DNA (pGreen Lantern) was purchased from Invitrogen. Gene gun cartridges were prepared according to the manufacturer’s protocol with slight modifications: for each 25 inch plastic tube, 12 mg of gold particles (1.0 or 1.6 m diameter) and 25 g of plasmid DNA (1 g/ ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... Cooper et al. (2013b) used a computational model to investigate the development of mirror neurons. Two implementations of associative learning were considered; RescorlaWagner - a supervised learning rule that relies on reducing a prediction error - and an implementation of Hebbian learning and . The ...
... Cooper et al. (2013b) used a computational model to investigate the development of mirror neurons. Two implementations of associative learning were considered; RescorlaWagner - a supervised learning rule that relies on reducing a prediction error - and an implementation of Hebbian learning and . The ...
Neural Network Dynamics
... a network model described in terms of neuronal firing rates that exhibits sustained and oscillatory activity and a network of spiking model neurons that displays chaotic activity. We begin the review with a discussion of sustained responses to transient stimuli. Neuronal activity evoked by a transien ...
... a network model described in terms of neuronal firing rates that exhibits sustained and oscillatory activity and a network of spiking model neurons that displays chaotic activity. We begin the review with a discussion of sustained responses to transient stimuli. Neuronal activity evoked by a transien ...
Human Anatomy - Fisiokinesiterapia
... Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostasis through autonomic reflexes that occur in the innervated organs. ...
... Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostasis through autonomic reflexes that occur in the innervated organs. ...
Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley&O'Loughlin
... Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostasis through autonomic reflexes that occur in the innervated organs. ...
... Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostasis through autonomic reflexes that occur in the innervated organs. ...
Peripheral Nervous System
... C. Cerebral cortex- Voluntary control of ANS may happen via meditation when deep thoughts of relaxation activate the limbic system which in turns activates the hypothalamus to activate the parasympathetic NS. Thoughts of frightful experiences may stimulate the amygdala to activate the hypothalamus t ...
... C. Cerebral cortex- Voluntary control of ANS may happen via meditation when deep thoughts of relaxation activate the limbic system which in turns activates the hypothalamus to activate the parasympathetic NS. Thoughts of frightful experiences may stimulate the amygdala to activate the hypothalamus t ...
Support, Movement, Senses… The Brain…
... locate and capture prey § Sensory processes convey information about an animal’s environment to its brain; muscles carry out movements as instructed by the brain ...
... locate and capture prey § Sensory processes convey information about an animal’s environment to its brain; muscles carry out movements as instructed by the brain ...